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I'; Second person:

ཁྱོད་

kyod

fem.; བདག་ dag ,self*
(kyö”), 5′ kyed (kye”), thou, you'; Third person: ∞ ko,

ཁོང་ Rozú

or

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The plural is formed by adding ཅག་, རྣམས་,ཅག་རྣམས་

हैं, , but very often, if circumstances show the meaning with sufficient certainty, the sign of the plural is altogether omitted. The declension is the same as that of the substantives. Remarks: is the most common and can be used

by every body; 25

seems to be preferred in elegant speech

(s. Note);
at least in WT; 45,self', when speaking to superior
persons occurs very often in books, but has disappeared
from common speech, except in the province of Tsan (Tasi-
lhunpo) as also the following;, in easy con-
versation with persons of equal rank, or to inferiors.

is very common in modern letter writing,

T

as

2. person. is used in books in addressing even the highest persons, but in modern conversation only among equals or to inferiors; is elegant and respect- Pro ful, especially in books.

by

3. person. monstr. pron.

seldom occurs in books, where the de

is

(§ 26) is generally used instead ; common to both the written and the spoken language, and used, at least in the latter, as respectful. But, it must be remarked that the pronoun of the third person is in most cases entirely omitted, even when there is a change of subject.

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Instead of ང་ཅག་ and ཁྱོད་ཅག་ the

and ; the vulgar plural of and; s

To each of these pronouns may be added:

rań or

nid, ',self, and in conversational language '35', É, Ã ̈ are, perhaps, even more frequently used than the simple forms, without any difference in the meaning. is more prevalent in books, except the compound ཉིད་

mi-ran, which is in modern speech the usual respectful pronoun of address, like ,Sie' in German.

Note. The predilection of Eastern Asiatics for a system of ceremonials in the language is met with also in Tibetan. There is one separate class of words, which must be used in reference to the honoured person, when spoken to as well as when spoken of. To this class belong, be

sides the pronouns ཉིད་རང་, ཁྱེད་, ཁོང་, all the respect

ful terms by which the body or soul, or parts of the same, and all things or persons pertaining to such a person, and

36

24.-25. Pron.

Respectful and Elegant Terms.

even his actions, must be called. The notions, most frequently occurring, have special expressions, as (8)ku,instead of Qlus, lụ,,body‘; 55′ u, i. o. I go‚head“; MN tug(s) (Ů: tū), i.o. ÑÑÑ sem(s),soul', or ཡིད་

yid, yi',,mind'; WT yab, i.o. 4 (vulg: W),,father';

ན་བཟའ་ wa-cu, i.o. གོས་ 908, 90, ,coat', ,dress'; ཆིབས་ čib(s), i. o. 5′ (r)ta, sta,horse'; G

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zug(s)-pa (Ü:

EZ'S dzad-pa,

dzä-pa i. o. Î ̄ ̄ jed-pa, jhë'-pa,to make' and many others. If there is no such special word, any substantive may be rendered respectful by adding

or

ཐུགས་

re

spectively (s༠, སྐུ་ཚེ་ i.༠. ཚེ་ ,lifetime'; ཐུགས་ཁྲོ་བ་i.༠.ཁྲོ་བ་

‚anger') any verb by adding, according to 39, 1. Another class of what might be called elegant terms are to be used when conversing with an honoured person (or also by a high person himself in his own speech), such as a ̄ ̄ gyid-pa, gyï'-pa,to do'; H4 či-pa,,to be'; སླད་དུ་ lad-du, l@ -dw i. o.

ཕྱིར་དུ་ ,for the sake of', with

out reference to the said person himself. Even uneducated people know, and make use of, most of the,respectful terms, but the merely ,elegant' ones are, at least in WT, seldom or never heard in conversation.

25. Possessive pronouns. The Possessive is simply

expressed by the Genitive of the Personal, ; 150

etc. ‚His', ‚her', ‚its', when referring to the acting subject

(suus), must be expressed by

otherwise (ejus) by

or

ཁོའི་, ཁོང་གི་, དེའི་. case, ང་ཅན་, ཁྱོད་ཅན་, ཁོ་ཅན་ are used.

ཉིད་ཀྱི་ ,his own';

In C, in the latter

26. Reflective and Reciprocal pronouns. 1. The Reflective pronoun,,myself',,yourself' etc. is expressed by 5,

ཉིད་, also བདག་. But in the case of the same person being

the subject and object of an action, it must be paraphrased, so for,he precipitated himself from the rock' must be said ,he precipitated his own body etc.; for,he rebuked himself'

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,he rebuked his own soul་ རང་གི་སེམས་

2. The reciprocal pronoun,each other' or,one another'

is rendered by,one one', as གཅིག་གིས་གཅིག་བསད་ by

one one was killed',, they killed one another';

to one one said',,they said to each other“.

27. Demonstrative pronouns. 1.

di,,this'; Zde,

dhe, that are those most frequently used, both in books

and speaking. The Plural is generally formed by 5, but also by and F. More emphatical are FÃÃ

འདི་ཀ་, འདི་ག་, འདི་ཀོ་, འདི་གོ་, ,just this', ,this same་; དེ་ཀ་ etc. The vulgar dialect also uses ཧ་གྱི་ kd-gyü

,that same'.

and ✈ på-gyi for,that',,yonder', and, in WT, Ê,

ཨི་པོ་ for ,this` and ཨ་ for ,that་; ཕ་གྱི་

Occurs even in

books. 2. It is worth remarking that the distinction of the nearer and remoter relation is, even in common language, scrupulously observed. If reference is made to an object already mentioned, is used; if to something fol

lowing, འདི་; e.g. དེ་སྐད་ཅེས་སྨྲས་སོ་ ,that speech he saicl',

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,he said thus, spoke the following words'.

28. Interrogative pronouns. They are su who?";

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gan, gh.,which?'; èi,what?'; to these the indefi

nite article ཞིག་ is often added, སུ་ཞིག་

etc. The two former

can also assume the plural termination དག་, སུ་དག་, གང་ དག་. — In CT གང་ is frequently used instead of ཅི་

29. Relative pronouns. These are almost entirely wanting in the Tibetan language, and our subordinate relative clauses must be expressed by Participles und Gerunds, or a new independent sentence must be begun. The participle, in such a case, is treated quite as an adjective, being put either in the Genitive before the substantive, or, in

the Nominative, after: འགྲོ་བའི་ཚོང་པ་རྣམས་ ,the merchants who would go (with him)་; ཉག་ཐག་གཡུ་བརྒུས་པ་ ,the cord on which turquoises are strung'; འཁྱོས་མ་མང་པོ་ཡོང་བ་ཞིག་

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