གཏོང་བྱ་ giver, and the passive to those with, as ton ja, ton ja i. o. གཏོང་བར་བྱ་བ་ ,to be given‘ (dandas), བྱ་བ་དང་ བྱ་བ་མ་ཡིན་པ་སྟོན་པ་ .to teach the things to be done and not to be done' (Thgy). - 4. In certain cases, especially with verbs that mean: to say, ask etc. the Participle is used before the words of the speech, where we should use the Imperfect: HaÃ3⁄43⁄44 ́ ́,the king said... Note. In the spoken language, of WT at least, the Participle is formed by , in the active sense as well as the passive (whereas in books this syllable occurs only in the meaning of the performer of an action s. 12. 1.): given‘. དངུལ་བཏང་མཁན་གྱི་མི་ iul tcoi lFcn-i mi (s. 15, Note) ,the man giving the money', བཏང་མཁན་གྱི་དངུལ་ ,the money འདས་ཞག་གོན་ཆས་བཙོངས་མཁན་གྱི་བླ་མ་ ,the lama who brought a coat for sale the other day'. 'HỀ¬g ལ་སྒོ་ཁང་སྟོན་མཁན་དེ་ ,the girl who had shewn the door to his reverence (Mil). The future participle is represented, just as in English, by the Infinitive (32, Note), so that ,the sheep to be killed', (in books ¬Ã or ) is expressed, in the most Western provinces, by: sád cas-si lug, Lad.: sád-ces-si lug, Lah. etc.: sád čeï lug, Tsan: sö'-së-kyi lug ́ ́, and, most like the classical language, in Kun.: sód ja lug. 34. The finite verb. 1. The principal verb of a sentence, which always closes it (48.) receives in written Tibetan in most cases a certain mark, by which the end of a period may be known. This is, in affirmative sentences, the vowel o (called by the grammarians: ), in interrogative ones the syllable am. Before both the closing consonant of the verb is repeated, or, if it ends with a vowel, are written. The Perfect of the verbs ending in which formerly had a sume as second final ད་ and and 5.-2. These additional syllables are omitted a) in imperative sentences, b) in the latter member of a double question, c) when the question is expressed already by an interrogative pronoun or adverb, d) in coordinate members of a period, with exception of the last one, e) commonly, when the principal verb is the verb substantive W, W etc. (40. 1.). Eeamples. u)སོང་ ,go!;, འདི་རུ་ཤོག་ ,come here!. /) མཐོང་ངམ་མི་མཐོང་ ,do you see or not? ‚who is there?', ',when did (he, you etc.) arrive?“. - 4)ཁང་པ་ཤིག །མི་བསད། གྲོང་ཁྱེར་ཚང་མ་མེད་པར་བྱས་སོ། the houses were destroyed, the men killed, the whole town annihilated'. ༠) གཙང་པའི་བྱེ་མ་ལ་གསེར་ཡོད། ,in the sand of the river is gold'. Note. In conversation the o is generally omitted, and 36 24.-25. Pron. Respectful and Elegant Terms. even his actions, must be called. The notions, most frequently occurring, have special expressions, as སྐུ་(ཙ)bu,instead of Q lus, lụ,,body'; 55′ u, i. o. I go‚head'; FAN tug(s) (Ü: tû), i.o. ÑÑH′ sem(s),soul', or ཡིད་ yid, yi,,mind'; Wyab, i.o. (vulg: ),,father'; ན་བཟའ་ wa-20, i.o. གོས་ y08, yd, ,coat', ,dress་; ཆིབས་ čib(s), i. o. 5′ (r)ta, sta,horse‘; AGA zug(s)-pa (Ü: žū-pa), i.o. ¿dod-pa, dö'-pa‚to sit; HÉà ̈ dzad-pa, dzä’-pa i. o. Î ̄ ̄ jed-pa, jhë'-pa,to make and many others. If there is no such special word, any substantive may be rendered respectful by adding spectively (so, སྐུ་ཚེ་ or re ཐུགས་ i.o. ཚེ་ ,lifetime་; ཐུགས་ཁྲོ་བ་i.o.ཁྲོ་བ་ ‚anger') any verb by adding, according to 39, 1. Another class of what might be called elegant terms are to be used when conversing with an honoured person (or also by a high person himself in his own speech), such as ♫♫♫gyid-pa, gyï'-pa,to do‘; HÂ3⁄4à či-pa, ‚to be‘; སླད་དུ་ lad-dt, ld'-du i. o. ཕྱིར་དུ་ ,for the sake of', with out reference to the said person himself. Even uneducated people know, and make use of, most of the ,respectful' terms, but the merely,elegant' ones are, at least in WT, seldom or never heard in conversation. 25. Possessive pronouns. The Possessive is simply expressed by the Genitive of the Personal, câ, ཁྱོད་ཀྱི་ etc. ‚His',,her', its', when referring to the acting subject (suus), must be expressed by otherwise (ejus) by or ཉིད་ཀྱི་ ‚his own'; In C, in the latter 26. Reflective and Reciprocal pronouns. 1. The Reflective pronoun,,myself',,yourself' etc. is expressed by ', ཉིད་, also བདག་. But in the case of the same person being the subject and object of an action, it must be paraphrased, so for,he precipitated himself from the rock' must be said ‚he precipitated his own body etc.; for,he rebuked himself —‚he rebuked his own soul' ̈ ̈ÃÐÐ ́ rebuked his own soul་ རང་གི་སེམས་ -2. The reciprocal pronoun,each other or,one another' is rendered by,one - one', as གཅིག་གིས་གཅིག་བསད་ ,by one one was killed',,they killed one another; q3⁄4qa གཅིག་ན་རེ་ to one one said',,they said to each other. 27. Demonstrative pronouns. 1. di,,this; de, dhe, that are those most frequently used, both in books and speaking. The Plural is generally formed by 5, and F. More emphatical are but also by 5 འདི་ཀ་, etc. འདི་ག་, འདི་ཀོ་, འདི་གོ་, ,just this་, ,this same་; དེ་ཀ་ ,that same'. The vulgar dialect also uses ཧ་གྱི་ bú-gy and ✈ på-gyi for,that',,yonder', and, in WT, Ê, ཨི་པོ་ for ,this' and tཨ་ for ,that‘; ཕ་གྱི་ occurs even in books. 2. It is worth remarking that the distinction of the nearer and remoter relation is, even in common language, scrupulously observed. If reference is made to an object already mentioned, is used; if to something following, Q'; e.g. '*'Âthat speech he said, འདི་; འདི་སྐད་ཅེས་སྨྲས་པ་ thus he said; this speech he said‘, ,he said thus, spoke the following words'. 28. Interrogative pronouns. They are gan, gh.,which?'; su, who?'; èi,what?'; to these the indefi nite article ཞིག་ is often added, སུ་ཞིག་ etc. The two former can also assume the plural termination དག་, སུ་དག་, གང་ དག་. — In CT གང་ is frequently used instead of ཅི་ 29. Relative pronouns. These are almost entirely wanting in the Tibetan language, and our subordinate relative clauses must be expressed by Participles und Gerunds, or a new independent sentence must be begun. The participle, in such a case, is treated quite as an adjective, being put either in the Genitive before the substantive, or, in the Nominative, after: འགྲོ་བའི་ཚོང་པ་རྣམས་ ,the merchants who would go (with hin)'; ཉག་ཐག་གཡུ་བརྒས་པ་ ,the cord on which turquoises are strung'; འཁྱོས་མ་མང་པོ་ཡོང་བ་ཞིག་ |