Chapter V. Pronouns. 24. Personal Pronouns. First person: na; 5′ ned, në'; EH nos (Ld); Fko-wo, masc., and fem.; 5 dag,self' — ,I'; Second person: Tko-mo, kyod (kyö’), 5′ kyed (kyë”),thou, you'; Third person: ko, ཁོང་ Áˇkon — ‚he, she, itʻ. The plural is formed by adding ཅག་, རྣམས་,ཅག་རྣམས་ or , but very often, if circumstances show the meaning with sufficient certainty, the sign of the plural is altogether omitted. The declension is the same as that of the substantives. Remarks: is the most common and can be used by every body; 25 (s. Note); seems to be preferred in elegant speech is very common in modern letter writing, at least in WT; 5, self', when speaking to superior persons occurs very often in books, but has disappeared from common speech, except in the province of Tsan (TasiThunpo) as also the following;, in easy conversation with persons of equal rank, or to inferiors. ཁོ་མོ་ in 2. person.is used in books in addressing even the highest persons, but in modern conversation only among equals or to inferiors; is elegant and respectful, especially in books. 3. person. monstr. pron. seldom occurs in books, where the de (§ 26) is generally used instead; is common to both the written and the spoken language, and used, at least in the latter, as respectful. But, it must be remarked that the pronoun of the third person is in most cases entirely omitted, even when there is a change of subject. Instead of ང་ཅག་ and ཁྱོད་ཅག་ the people of WT use and; the vulgar plural of is ཁོ་པ་. pr. To each of these pronouns may be added: 'ran or 3⁄4ñid, îì‚self, and in conversational language 5°55′, ing. ཉིད་ are, perhaps, even more frequently used than the simple forms, without any difference in the meanis more prevalent in books, except the compound i-ran, which is in modern speech the usual respectful pronoun of address, like ,Sie' in German. Note. The predilection of Eastern Asiatics for a system of ceremonials in the language is met with also in Tibetan. There is one separate class of words, which must be used in reference to the honoured person, when spoken to as well as when spoken of. To this class belong, be sides the pronouns ཉིད་རང་, ཁྱེད་, ཁོང་, all the respect ful terms by which the body or soul, or parts of the same, and all things or persons pertaining to such a person, and 36 24.-25. Pron. Respectful and Elegant Terms. even his actions, must be called. The notions, most frequently occurring, have special expressions, as (8)ku, instead of QA lus, lũ,,body'; 5′ u, i. o. I go‚head'; ཐུགས་ ug(8) (Ü: fa), i.o. སེམས་ sem(s) ,soul', or ཡིད་ yid, y',,mind'; A yab, i.o. 4 (vulg: ),,father'; ན་བཟའ་ wa-zu, i.o. གོས་ g༠8, 9ú, ,coat་, ,dress་; ཆིབས་ čib(s), i. o. 5′ (r)ta, sta,horse'; ' zug(s)-pa (Ü: žū-pa), i.o. 55ˇdod-pa, dö'-pa‚to sit; ¿É5°4′ dzad-pa, dzä’'-pa i. o. Î ̄ ̄ jed-pa, jhě’-pa,to make and many others. If there is no such special word, any substantive re may be rendered respectful by adding སྐུ་ or ཐུགས་ spectively (so, H♂ i.o. ཚེ་ lifetime་; ཐུགས་ཁྲོ་བ་i.༠. ཁྲོ་བ་ & ‚anger') any verb by adding ', according to 39, 1. Another class of what might be called elegant terms are to be used when conversing with an honoured person (or also by a high person himself in his own speech), such as ¿a ̄ ̄ gyid-pa, gyï'-pa,to do‘; Hÿ či-pa,‚to be‘; སླད་དུ་ lad-dw, l@ -du i o. ཕྱིར་དུ་ ,for the sake of', with out reference to the said person himself. Even uneducated people know, and make use of, most of the respectful' terms, but the merely ,elegant' ones are, at least in WT, seldom or never heard in conversation. 25. Possessive pronouns. The Possessive is simply expressed by the Genitive of the Personal, 150 etc. His',,her', its', when referring to the acting subject (suus), must be expressed by or,his own'; otherwise (ejus) by. In C, in the latter case, ང་ཅན་, ཁྱོད་ཅན་, ཁོ་ཅན་ are used. 26. Reflective and Reciprocal pronouns. 1. The Reflective pronoun,,myself',,yourself etc. is expressed by, ཉིད་, also བདག་. But in the case of the same person being the subject and object of an action, it must be paraphrased, so for,he precipitated himself from the rock' must be said ‚he precipitated his own body etc.; for,he re,he rebuked his own soul་ རང་གི་སེམས་ buked himself' -- 2. The reciprocal pronoun,each other' or,one another' is rendered by,one - one', as གཅིག་གིས་གཅིག་བསད་ ,by one one was killed',,they killed one another'; གཅིག་ན་རེ་ to one one said,,they said to each other. 27. Demonstrative pronouns. 1. di,,this; de, dhe, that' are those most frequently used, both in books and speaking. The Plural is generally formed by 5, but also by 3⁄4à and F. More emphatical are འདི་ཀ་, འདི་ག་, འདི་ཀོ་, འདི་གོ་, ,just this', ,this same་; དེ་ཀ་ ,that same. The vulgar dialect also uses ཧ་གྱི་ bd-gyi etc. simply expressed by: ,the great the little'. 5. The Superlative is paraphrased by the same means: ཀུན་ལས་ ཆེན་པོ་ or ཐམས་ཅད་པས་ཆེན་པོ་ ,greater than all'. Or it is expressed in the following manner: ཡུལ་གྱི་རྒྱལ་པོའི་ནང་ན་ རྒྱལ་པོ་གང་ཆེ་ ,of (among) the kings of the coantry which one is the greatest (prop. great)?. Adverbs for expressing high degrees are: ཤིན་ཏུ་ or རབ་ཏུ ,very་, ཀུན་ཏུ་ ,allí; ཡོངས་སུ་ ,quite, མཆོག་ཏུ་ ,exceedingly` eto. Note. The colloquial language of WT uses ' instead of བས་ or ལས་, and མ་ (á, always with a strong འ emphasis, perhaps a mutilated form of མངས་ ,much) or མང་པོ་ instead of ཤིན་ཏུ་, whereas that of CT employs ལས་ in the former case, but repeats the adjective in the latter, so that ,very largeł is expressed in books by ཤིན་ཏུ་ཆེན་པོ་, in speaking, in WT by má čém-po, in CT by čemw-po čemm-po. |