སྒོའི་འགྲམ་དུ་ (or ལ་, or ན་) (books and talk) ,beside,near

the dooré.

ཤིང་གི་དྲུང་དུ་, vulg.: མདུན་ལ་, རྩ་ན་, རྩར་ ,ander a tree༨

(literally: ,in front, by the side, of a tree).

མ

(ཞལ་ཆེ་པའི་དྲུང་དུ་(མདུན་དུ་)འཁྲིད་པ་ ,to take before the

judge'.

ཟླ་བ་བརྒྱད་ཀྱི་རྗེས་ལ་ CT, རྟིང་ལ་ WT ,after eight months·. ཟླ་བ་གཉིས་ཀྱི་སྔུན་ལ་(or སྔུན་ལ་) vulg. ,before two months,

two months agoé.

སའི་འོག་ཏུ་གཏེར་སྦེད་པ་ books and CT, WT: སའི་འོག་ལ་ གཏེར་སྦ་བ་ ,to hide a treasure below the ground‘. སའི་འོག་ནས་འབྱུང་བ་ CT, WT: སའི་ཡོག་ནས་འཐོན་པ་ ,to

emerge, come out, from below the ground. ཆུའི་ཕ་རོལ་ན་ books and CT, in CT also: ཕར་ཕྱོགས་པ་,

wT: ཕར་ཁ་ལ་, ཕར་ངོས་ལ་ ,beyond the water, river'. ཆུའི་ཚུ་རོལ་ན་ books and CT, WT: ཚུར་ཁ་ལ་ ,on this side

of the wateré.

ཞག་གསུམ་དུ་(༠rནས་)ཐང་དེའི་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པར་འགྱུར་རོ་,CT: ཕ་རོལ་དུ་སླེབ་ཡོང་, WT: ཕར་ཁ་ལ་སླེབ་ཡིན་ ,jin (after)

three days he will arrive beyond this plain, will have crossed ité.

ཁང་པའི་ཕྱོགས་བཞི་རུ་ ,in the four regions of the house,

roundabout'.

ཡུལ་དེའི་ཕྱོགས་ལ་སོང་ ,go in the direction of, towards, that

villageé.

ལོ་བདུན་གྱི་བར་དུ་, CT: ལོ་བདུན་ཐུག་(པ་), wT: ་་ཚུག་པ་,for

seven yearsé.

འདི་ནས་དེའི་བར་དུ་, CT: འདི་ནས་དེ་ཐུག་པ:, WT: ཨི་ནས་ཨ་ ཚུག་པ་ ,from this to that‘. ང་ཉུང་ཏི་རུ་ཆ་ཅེས་ཚུག་པ་ WT, ,till I go to Kullu༩.

b) General Compound Postpositions, expressive of the general relations of things and persons. They are formed in the same manner as the Local ones, from substantives, adjectives, and even verbs. Their use may be learned from the following examples:

ངའི་ཕྱིར་(དུ་)or དོན་དུ་

books and CT, WT: ངའི་ཕི་ལ་ ,for

me, in my behalf, for my sake, on my accountf.

ནད་དེ་ནི་ཅིའི་ཕྱིར་བྱུང་, wT': ཅིའི་ཕི་ལ་ཡོངས་, CT: གང་གི་དོན་

དུ་བྱུང་ ,for what reason has that illness come? what

is the cause of etc.?“.

སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད་ཀྱི་དོན་དུ་ ,in behalf of all living beings. ཤིང་གི་ཚབ་ལ་རྡོ་(wT: རྡོ་བ་) བཏོང་ ,give (apply) stone in

stead of woodí.

-

བཞིན་དུ་ ,according to, like, as་ – རྒྱལ་པོའི་བཀའ་བཞིན་ དུ་བྱས་ཏེ་ ,doing according to the word of the king'; དེ་

བཞིན་དུ་ ,according to that, like that, thus, so'; སྔ་མ་བཞིན་དུ་

,as formerly, as before'; instead of it the dialect of WT uses, generally with the Genitive, thus the last

example there would be: སྔན་མའི་ནང་ལྟར་.

ལྟར་ ,likeé, རི་ལྟར་ ,like a hill; འདི་ལྟར་, དེ་ལྟར་ ,like this, like that, thus, so, ′′, CT: 5′′,like what?

how? in what manner?".

In the dialect of WT མཚོགས་ or མཚོགས་སེ་ is used

instead (which is a corruption of ', occurring in

books with the same meaning): thus, Âlike

རི་མཚོགས་སེ་

a hill‘; འདི་མཚོགས་, དེ་མཚོགས་ ,thus'; or ཟུག་ (properly ཙུག་), ཨི་ཟུག་, ཨ་ཟུག་ ,thus་, ག་ཟུག་ ,how?་.

Chapter IX.

The Conjunction.

44. The written language possesses very few, the spoken still fewer, Conjunctions, most of which are coordinative. The common word for,and is 55′ which we have

seen above in the sense of ,with‘, གསེར་དང་། དངུལ་དང་། ལྕགས་ལ་སོགས་པ་ ,gold and silver and iron and collection

(i. e. and so on)', though the position of the sad (10.) after the word shows that it is always considered as belonging to the preceding member of the sentence, similar, in

this respect, to the Latin que'; nor can it in any case begin a sentence. Very seldom, and only in later literature, it appears as combining two verbs, if not, indeed, the root ought to be regarded there as abbreviation for the infinitive. Further: ',also, too'. When belonging to a single word or notion it is put after it in an enclitical way like ,quoque' in Latin. It is changed according to the termination of the preceding word, into after

ས་*), into འང་ often after vowels (cf. 6). Thus: བུ་ཞིག་

taking also a son (with him)'. When repeated,

it has the signification of Latin,et— et,

in

,both mother and son died. Often, especially

negative sentences, it means ,even་, གཅིག་ཀྱང་མ་རྙེད་དོ་

,even one (they) did not find not even one'. This is the only means for expressing,none, no, nothing,

(or

གང་)ཡང་མ་འོངས་ (resp. ཨོངས་) ,nobody came‘; དེ་ན་ཅི་ ཡང་(ཅིའང་, or ),there is nothing“ (ef. 29). When combined with verbs, བཙལ་ཡང་མ་རྙེད་དོ་ ,even searching

(they) did not find', it serves as another expression for ,though' or also,but' (s. 41. A. 7.6): thus,,though they searched, they etc. or ,they searched, but they etc.'. Standing

*) This is not very carefully observed even in good mscr. and

prints, where W♫ will occur sometimes after etc., and ཀྱང་

after the other consonants and even after vowels.

76

44. Conjunction. 45. Interjection.

for itself (not leaning on the preceding word) it means , again, once more' (when it is to be regarded as adverb),

དེར་ཡང་འཁམས་ནས་ ,there (I) fainting once more etc.‘.

In the beginning of a sentence it is,and, again, moreover, and may occasionally be rendered by ,however, but'. ཨང་ན་, ,or“; repeated, ཡང་ན་་་་ ཡང་ན་ ་ ་ ་ ,either—or—་. -,Or' is expressed also by the interrogative affix of the

fnite verb (34. 1.), འམ་ etc., གསེར་དངུལ་འམ། ཟངས་ ཀྱི་བུམ་པོ་ ,a bottle of gold, silver, or copper'. འོན་ཀྱང་ ‚nevertheless, but', vulg: WT occurs much less frequently in Tibetan than in the European languages.

The only Subordinate Conjunctions are: 1.5 ,if, introducing conditional sentences ending in (40. 1. A.4). But, as the conditional force really rests on the closing , the initial may be put or omitted at pleasure; 2.

ཅི་སྟེ་ ,but if ‘; གལ་ཏེ་ནུས་ན་ གལ་ཏེ་ནུས་ན་ ་་་ if I can ..., ཅི་སྟེ་མི་ནུས་ན་

,but if not...; this last is found only in books.

Chapter X.

The Interjection.

45. The most common Interjection is, or, repeated,✈✈‚oh!, alas!' used also before the Vocative. The language of common life uses instead: wa, or ཁྐྲའི་ ༠c.