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50. Simple Sentences.— 1.Affirmative sentences. – a) the attribute being a noun, the verb: to be, become,

9rem%aam etc.: མི་འདི་ནི་མཁས་པ་ཡིན་ ,this man is wise'; འདི་ ནི་མི་མཁས་པ་ཞིག་ཡིན་ ,this is a wise man'. When the verb is ར་བ་ (to become), གནས་པ་ (to remain) etc. the attribute must be put in the Terminative: སྐྲ་དཀར་པོར་གྱུར་ཏོ་ ,(bis) hair became white'; རྒྱལ་པོ་ཡི་དམ་ལ་བརྟན་པར་གནས་ སོ, valg: བརྟན་པོ་གནས་པ་ཡིན ,the king remained stead

fast on his vow'; in some special cases this may take place, even if the verb is simply ,to be‘: ལུས་གཟུགས་ ཐམས་ཅད་མི་འདྲ་སྟེ། རྐང་པ་འབའ་ཞིག་ཁྲ་བོར་འདག་གོ་ ,while

his whole shape was like a man's, his foot only was piebald‘. 6) the attribute being any other verb: རྒྱ་ནག་ཡུལ་ གྱི་རྒྱལ་པོ་སྔ་མ་ཞིག་གིས་ཡུལ་དེའི་བྱང་ཕྱོགས་སུ་ལྕགས་རི་ཤིན་ཏུ་ ཆེན་པོ་ཞིག་བརྩིགས་སོ་ ,an ancient king of China built a very

large wall in the north of that country'.

2. Interrogative sentences. --- a@) simple: ཁྱོད་ཀྱི་ བུ་ཁང་པ་ལ་འདུག་གམ་ ,is your son in the house?“; དེ་རུ་སུ་ ཡོད་ ,who is there?“; ཅི་ལ་ཡོང་ ,what do you come for?+, ,what do you want?s. — རིན་ཙམ་ w (རིན་ག་ཚོད་ C) ,how

much (is) the price?‘.

Besides the affix am the later literature and the con

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versational language of CT has the accentuated interrogative

particle ཨེ་ é, immediately before the verb: ཐབས་ཨེ་ཡོད་ tab è yỡ”‚is there any means........?'; QQ'Ì'&ga la di jě ě nụ, can you do this work?'.

ལས་འདི་བྱེད་ཨེ་ནུས་

The form of a question is also used to express uncertain

suppositions (likely to become realized), as: རྗེད་པ་སྲིད་དམ་

,is forgetting possible?' for,he may possibly have forgotten

it'; ཤི་བ་ཡིན་ནམ་ ,won`'t he die?་; འདི་བདུད་མ་ཡིན་ནམ་ ,this

(apparition) is not the devil, I hope?".

b) double: 555555°‚is (he) within or not?‘;

བདག་ལ་སྦྱིན་དུ་རུང་ངམ་མི་རུང་ ,is it agreeable (to you i. e. do

you consent) to give me (your son) or not?'; 'acaqâ དགའ་འམ་ཅི་ཉེས་ are you sorry at my arrival, or what

(else) is the matter (with you because you weep)?".

3. Imperative and Optative or Precative sentences do not require any additional remarks besides what is said in 38.

51. Compound Sentences. After having examined in 41 the different gerunds as the constituent parts of compound sentences, a few examples will suffice for illustration.

1. Compound sentences, for the most part coordinative:

རྒྱལ་པོས་ཁྲིམས་བཅའ་སྟེ། བཟང་oལ་བྱ་དགའ་སྟེར། ངན་པ་ལ་

1), perf. 3, to make' esp. institute,

ཆད་པ་གཅོད༆། བྲེ་སྲང་གཏན་ལ་ཕབཾ། མི་ལ་ཡི་གེ་བསླབས་སོ॰།།

,The king having given a law, the good were given rewards, the bad punished, measures and weights arranged, and people taught letters (i.e. reading and writing).

2. subordinate sentences: དེར་ཬབུད་མེད་གཉིས་ཤིག་ ྂབུ་ གཅིག་ལ་རྩོད་དེ། རྒྱལ་པོ་བློ”མཁས་པས་བརྟག་ནས་འདི་སྐད་ ཅེས་oབསྒོའོ། །ཁྱོད་གཉིས་ཀྱིས་བུའི་ལག་པ་རེ་རེ་ནས་བཟུང་སྟེ།

དྲོངས་ལ་“གང་གིས་ཐོབ་པ་༸བུ་ཁྱེར་ཞིག་”ཅེས་བསྒོ་བ་དང་། བུའི་ མ་མ་ཡིན་པ་དེས་ནི་oབུ་ལ་སྙིང་རྗེ་མེད་པས་“སྣད་ཀྱིས་མི་དོགས་

ཏེ། མཐུ་ཇི་ཡོད་པར་”དྲངས་སོ། །བུའི་མ་གང་ཡིན་པ་དེ་ནི་བུ་ལ་ བྱམས་པས་སྣད་ཀྱིས་དོགས་ཏེ། སྟོབས་ཀྱིས་ཐུབ་ཀྱང་“དྲག་ཏུ་

.15

arrange'; gerund.2)i.o. བཟང་པོ་ལ་. 3) ,to cutí, but ཆད་ པ་ (or པས་) གཅོད་པ་ ,to indict a punishment་. 4)གཏན་ ལ་འབེབས་པ་ ,to set in order, arrange'; perf. ཕབ་. 5) སློབ་ པ་, perf. བསླབས་ ,to learné.

1)42.3.2) indefn. art. after numerals s. 13. 3)Ac

cus. modal., 49. 4) རྟོག་པ་, perf. བརྟག་. 5)27.2. 6) འདྲེན་ པ་, perf. དྲངས་, imp. དྲོངས་; cf. 41. 5.7) 29. 8)འཁྱེར་ བ་, perf. and imp. ཁྱེར་.9) 43. 1. 10) 42. 1. 11) 41. 8.

12) the object of the fear usually in the instrumental. 13) termin. of inf used as adverb, 41. B. 2. 3.14) 44.15)42. 2.

མ་“དྲངས་སོ། །རྒྱལ་པོས་དྲག་ཏུ་དྲངས་པ་དེ་ལ། འདི་ནི་ཁྱོད་ཀྱི་ བུ་མ་ཡིན་ཏེ། བུད་མེད་ཅིག་ཤོས་ཀྱི་བུ་ཡིན་པས་ན། དྲང་ པོར་” སྨྲོས་ཤིག་”ཅེས་སྨྲས་པ་དང་། དལ་གྱིས་དྲངས་པའི་བུ་ ཡིན་པར་གྱུར་ཏེ་བུ་ཁྱེར་རོ །། ,There being certain two women

quarrelling about one boy, the king (being) wise of understanding having examined (the case) thus ordered: You two, having seized from each (side) a hand of the boy, pull, and who gets him, (she) may carry him off. When he had so spoken, she who was not the boy’s mother, because she had no compassion for the boy, not fearing (she might) hurt (him), pulled with what force she had.She who (in truth) was the boy’s mother, because she had compassion with the boy, fearing (she might) hurt (him), though she was able by force, did not pull hard. The king said to her who had pulled hard: Because this, not being your son, is the other woman’s son, say (it) outright‘. When he had so spoken, as he had turned out to be the son of the gentle puller, (she) carried off the boy'.

16) 42. 1. 17) ཤོས་ ,other', almost always with the indefn. article; 13. ffn. 18) ན་ is sometimes pleonastically added to པས་(བས་), to strengthen its meaning. 19) 43.2. 20) སྨྲ་བ་, perf. སྨྲས་, imp. སྨྲོས་. 21) འགྱུར་བ་, perf. གྱུར་

properly ,as he has come to beé.

Appendix.

A collection of phrases from daily life, in the modern dialects, romanized.

WT kyod gá-na yon, CT kyö' gá-na yon.

W kyod su yin, C kyö' s. y. W kyod (C kyö') sṛ1) yin.*)

W kyod ráni min di zer, C kyo-kyi min-la gan zérgi yö'-dam.

W kyód-di kán-pa gá-na yod,

C kyö'-kyi kan-pa gá-na yö'(-pa).

W kyod ci-la yon,

C kyö' gan-la yon. W ci-la 'i-ru dug. W na srun-te dad.

W di yúl-li min či zer, C yul di min-la gan zérra**) yim-pa.

Where do you come from?

Who are you?

Whose (man, servant) are you?

What is your name? (rule 34. 2. c is not always observed)

Where is your house?

Why do you come?
(What do you want?)
Why are you here?
I sit here to watch.

What is the name of this village?

*) The numbers refer to the notes at the end of the collection, exhibiting the spelling of some of the words that are most disfigured in pronunciation.

**) vulgar supine 41, Note 1.

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