Wage loss of employees, assistance to employees, and loss of employers, January 1, 1881, to December 31, 1900.

[In a small number of instances the facts covered in this table have not been reported and consequently have not been included in the figures here given.]

The loss to employees in the establishments in which strikes occurred for the period of twenty years was $257,863,478. The loss to employees through lockouts for the same period was $48,819,745, or a total loss to employees by reason of these two classes of industrial disturbances of $306,683,223. The number of establishments involved in strikes during this period was 117,509, making an average loss of $2,194 to employees in each establishment in which strikes occurred.

The number

of persons thrown out of employment by reason of strikes was 6,105,694, making an average loss of $42 to each person involved. The number of establishments involved in lockouts was 9,993, making an average loss of $4,915 to employees in each establishment in which lockouts occurred, while the number of employees thrown out was 504,307, making an average loss of $97 to each person involved.

Combining the figures for strikes and lockouts it is seen that the wage loss to employees, as above stated, was $306,683,223, and the number of establishments involved 127,442, while 6,610,001 persons were thrown out of employment. These figures show an average wage loss of $2,406 to the employees in each establishment and an average loss of $46 to each person involved.

The assistance given to strikers during the twenty years, so far as ascertainable, was $16,174,793; to those involved in lockouts $3,451,461, or a total of $19,626,254. This sum represents but 6.40 per cent of the total wage loss incurred in strikes and lockouts, and is probably too low. In addition to this sum, which includes only assistance from labor organizations, much assistance was furnished by outside sympathizers, the amount of which the Department had no means of ascertaining.

The loss to employers through strikes during the twenty years amounted to $122,731,121; their losses through lockouts amounted to $19,927,983, making a total loss to the establishments or firms involved in strikes and lockouts during this period of $142,659,104, or an average loss of $1,119 to each firm or establishment involved. Table VI Summary of strikes for the United States, by States.-This table summarizes the facts given in Tables I and III, showing in brief form the data for each State, the strikes for all industries and for all of the twenty years being combined to secure the totals for the States as shown here. Table XVII of the report relates to lockouts and is entirely similar to this table in both its title and the arrangement of the facts included therein.

The following table shows the number and per cent of strikes and of establishments involved in strikes in each State during the period from January 1, 1881, to December 31, 1900, together with information as to the average number of establishments to a strike and the number and per cent of employees thrown out of employment by reason of strikes:

a Not including the number in 12 establishments for which these data were not obtainable. b Not including the number in 21 establishments for which these data were not obtainable. e Not including the number in 33 establishments for which these data were not obtainable.

During the twenty years included in the present report it is seen that New York shows the largest number of strikes as well as the largest number of establishments affected, the number of strikes being 6,460, representing 28.342 per cent of the total strikes during the period, and the number of establishments affected being 37,845, representing 32.206 per cent of the total number involved during the period. Pennsylvania follows with 2,846 strikes, or 12.486 per cent of total strikes, and Illinois with 2,640, or 11.583 per cent. As regards establishments affected by strikes, Illinois follows New York with 20,784, or 17.687 per cent, while Pennsylvania comes next with 18,438, or 15.691 per cent. Considering the last two columns of this table, it is

seen that the greatest number of employees thrown out of employment by reason of strikes is found in Pennsylvania, which shows 1,666,043 for the twenty-year period, or 27.287 per cent. New York follows with 1,193,361, or 19.545 per cent; Illinois with 850,599, or 13.931 per cent; Ohio with 415,651, or 6.808 per cent; Massachusetts with 348,470, or 5.707 per cent, etc.

The following table for lockouts is similar to the one for strikes just preceding.

Lockouts, by States, January 1, 1881, to December 31, 1900.

It is seen that 21.49 per cent of the lockouts which occurred during the period were in New York, 11.64 per cent were in Pennsylvania, 9.65 per cent were in Massachusetts, 9.45 per cent in Illinois, 7.96 per cent in Ohio, etc. Considering the establishments affected, however, the order is as follows: Illinois with 35.75 per cent, New York with 34.18 per cent, Pennsylvania with 6.88 per cent, Massachusetts with 5.44 per cent, Ohio with 2.57 per cent, etc. As regards the number of persons thrown out of employment by reason of lockouts, New York leads with 149,651, or 29.675 per cent, and is followed by Illinois with 132,906, or 26.354 per cent; Pennsylvania with 57,743, or 11.450 per cent; Massachusetts with 35,981, or 7.135 per cent; Connecticut with 22,560, or 4.473 per cent; Ohio with 20,866, or 4.138 per cent, etc.

An examination of the preceding tables shows that during the twenty-year period ending December, 31, 1900, the majority of all establishments affected by strikes and lockouts were located in the five States of Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. The following table shows the percentages for each year for the five States named:

NA B-04-6

Establishments involved in strikes and lockouts in Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, January 1, 1881, to December 31, 1900.

These States contained 45.02 per cent of all the manufacturing establishments, and employed 55.15 per cent of the capital invested in the mechanical industries of the United States, according to figures furnished the Department by the Census Office. It is seen from the table that these five States contained 74.78 per cent of all of the establishments involved in strikes and 84.81 per cent of all involved in lockouts during the twenty-year period included in this report. For strikes the proportion varied in the different years from 57.76 per cent in 1892 to 87.09 in 1897, while for lockouts the lowest proportion is found in 1881, with 44.44 per cent, and the highest in 1900, with 94.17 per cent.

As regards the employees involved in strikes, almost the same per cent is shown. The information may be drawn from a preceding table that of all employees involved in strikes during the period of twenty years, 46.83 per cent were employed in establishments located in the two States of Pennsylvania and New York; 60.76 per cent were employed in establishments located in the three States of Pennsylvania, New York, and Illinois; 67.57 per cent in establishments located in the four States of Pennsylvania, New York, Illinois, and Ohio, and 73.28 per cent in establishments located in the five States of Pennsylvania, New York, Illinois, Ohio, and Massachusetts. Of all the employees involved in lockouts during the period, 56.03 per cent were employed in establishments in the two States of New York and Illinois; 67.48 per cent in establishments located in the three States of New York, Illinois, and Pennsylvania; 74.61 per cent in establishments located in the four States of New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts, and 78.75 per cent in establishments in the five States of New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Ohio.

The distribution of strikes and lockouts, by principal cities, during the twenty years from January 1, 1881, to December 31, 1900, is shown in the following tables:

Strikes in principal cities, January 1, 1881, to December 31, 1900.

Lockouts in principal cities, January 1, 1881, to December 31, 1900.

a Not including the amount in 1 establishment for which these data were not obtainable.

In the case of both strikes and lockouts the cities shown are the 20 in which the greatest number of these disturbances occurred during the period included in the report. It will be noticed that the cities are practically the same in both classes of disturbances.

Considering the table for strikes, it is seen that out of a total of 22,793 strikes for the entire country during the twenty-year period 10,723, or 47.05 per cent, occurred in the 20 cities included in the table. The number of establishments involved in strikes in the United States during the period was shown as 117,509, of which number 75,964, or 64.65 per cent, occurred in the 20 cities. The number of employees thrown out of employment in the United States during the period by reason of strikes was 6,105,694, of which 2,491,508, or 40.81 per cent, were employed in establishments located in the 20 cities included in the table. The wage loss to employees through strikes in the 20 cities was $76,637,571, as against $257,863,478 for the entire country; the loss to employers $56,058,702, as against $122,731,121; and the assistance to employees by labor organizations $8,537,350, as against $16,174,793.