is now a waste. Besides this dam, there are a few old apple-trees to mark the locality; they are said to be the remains of an orchard planted by the Indians. They stand scattered over the ground in such a manner as indicates that they were never planted in regular order. They seem to be natural fruit; but some of them still yield a very good apple. Some of the oldest people around say there was a large orchard there when they were young, which was a great resort of the school-children. The grounds are now under cultivation, and the soil is such as could be made very productive.

There are old burial-grounds in various localities around; but they are falling into neglect, and the traces of them will soon disappear altogether. There are still some mementos preserved of those who were once possessors of this soil; but, as they were crowded out of their possessions by their greedy white brethren, they disappeared from the face of the earth, and their memory is rapidly fading away from the minds of the living. We should rejoice in every effort, such as yours, to rescue that memory from oblivion, and especially such as record the labors made to save the sons of the forest from the march of our civilization,—labors which, though their direct fruits have perished, will yet be had in everlasting remembrance.

Yours very truly,

JOSEPH G. SYMMES.

B.

David and John Brainerd's Journeys in Pennsylvania (see p. 195). REV. THOS. BRAINERD, D.D.

DEAR SIR:—In compliance with your wish, I will endeavor to give you all the information I possess relative to localities, in order to discriminate the travels of the Rev. David Brainerd when, in 1743 or 1744, he visited the Forks of Delaware, with the view of preaching to a number of Indians residing there. In his journal he mentions but very few places, and such as are mentioned cannot be recognized by the general reader. In the year 1849, I commenced forming a collection of historical facts of Northampton county, Pa., and Mr. Brainerd's stay in the Forks consequently had the requisite attention paid to it which it deserved. We learn from his journal that on the 10th of May, 1743, he left Kanaumeek; after travelling one hundred and forty miles, he arrived at the Minnisinks. This name implies the country belonging to and inhabited by the Monsey or Minsi Indians, who were one of three nations of Indians that

formed the so-called Delaware Indians. This country was northward of the Blue or Kittatinny Mountains, and included within its limits the country adjoining that mountain on the north side of it, near one hundred miles northeastward and southwestwardly. The town of Stroudsburg, in Monroe county, is in the Minnisink country; and it was about twenty miles above this town that Mr. Brainerd met with the Indians and conversed with them on the subject of religion. The path or road over which Mr. Brainerd passed was the general thoroughfare from Philadelphia to Albany, the nearest route between those cities, and much frequented by travellers. The path commenced at or near the Hudson River, at Kingston, thence up the Esopus Creek, and down the Machemack Creek to the river Delaware, which it crossed seven miles above Mitford, in Pike county, and continued westwardly along the Blue Mountain to near the Delaware Water Gap, thence to near Bethlehem, where it crossed the Lehigh River, and then in a nearly southwardly course to Philadelphia. Mr. Brainerd continues, and says:

"On May 13, 1743, I arrived at a place called by the Indians 'Sakauwatung,' within the Forks of Delaware;" the meaning of this Indian name is "the mouth of a creek, where some one resides." This creek is now called Allegheny Creek. It was here where Alexander Hunter lived; he had a farm of three hundred acres of land, and a ferry across the Delaware River. The farm and ferry at present are owned and occupied by a member of the Aten family. It is in Upper Mount Bethel township, Northampton county, about three miles east of the town of Richmond. Mr. Hunter was one of the first settlers of this part of the country,-he, with about thirty other families, arriving here from the north of Ireland in 1730. For many years it was called Hunter's Settlement, There was another Irish settlement near the Lehigh River, fifteen to eighteen miles westward, which was known as Craig's Settlement. These two named persons were the leaders or most prominent amongst them, and both of them appointed justices of the peace in 1748. It appears from Mr. Brainerd's journal that he had his home with Mr. Hunter until November 23, 1744, when he took possession of a cottage mentioned thus: "He [Brainerd], with the help of others, made a little cottage to live in by himself." This cottage was within about one-fourth of a mile of an Indian town, the Indian name of which, as Count Zinzendorf, the Moravian bishop, informs, was Clistowacki, meaning “fine land.” The count visited those Indians in August, 1741. Mr. Brainerd alludes to this Indian village very frequently, as being three miles down the river from Mr. Hunter's. In the year 1849, I visited the

place where the cottage of Mr. Brainerd had stood: the land then belonged to an old gentleman named Baker, whose wife was the daughter of Abraham Hubler, the purchaser of this land in 1790. Mrs. Baker informed me that her father for many years had kept in good repair a fence around the Indian burying-ground, near to where the Indian cabins had been, about a quarter of a mile from Brainerd's cabin, and that he never would permit the grounds to be ploughed, or otherwise made use of. She pointed out to me the spot where the cabin or cottage had stood; and a well that Brainerd had dug near the cabin, she said, had remained open until a few years ago, when it was filled up with stones. The cabin was about two hundred yards from the Delaware River, and about one mile above the junction of the Martin's Creek with the river Delaware: there is a beautiful level tract of about three hundred acres of land here, and of an excellent quality. Mr. Brainerd frequently visited at Craig's Irish settlement, distant fifteen miles. The road to this settlement passed very near to the Moravian town, called Nazareth. At Craig's Settlement they had a small church, and a preacher, who was also the schoolmaster. On the 9th of September, 1744, Mr. Brainerd set out on his second journey towards Susquehanna River; and he informs us in his journal that he directed his course towards the Indian town more than one hundred and twenty miles westward from the Forks. This Indian town was called Shamokin, and was situated at the junction of the north and west branches of the Susquehanna, where Sunbury now is, about fifty or sixty miles above Harrisburg, and near one hundred and seventy-five miles from his cabin in Lower Mount Bethel township. The path over which he passed (accompanied by his interpreter, Moses Fonda Tetamy) was very bad, and, in passing over the numerous mountains in the present Schuylkill county, actually dangerous. They passed over the Blue Mountain in Bethel township, Berks county, on the Indian path that led direct from Philadelphia, passing near to Reading in that county. Upon his return, Mr. Brainerd proceeded down the Susquehanna River to the junction of the Juniata River, a distance of about forty-five miles. Here, upon an island called Duncan's Island, he met with a large number of Indians. He passed Craig's Settlement fifteen miles westward of his house in Mount Bethel, on his homeward journey.

In 1749, Rev. John Brainerd visited the Moravian Indian town, called Gnadenhutten (meaning "Tents of Grace"). It was situated three miles below the present county town of Carbon county, called Mauch Chunk, about half a mile from the river Lehigh, on the Mahoning Creek. This Moravian town was laid out in 1746, and

in 1749 had near four hundred Indians living in it. In proceeding there, Mr. Brainerd passed the Blue Mountain at a small gap, called Smith's Gap, seven miles westward of the Wind Gap. About two or three miles from the foot of the mountain, on the north side, was an Indian town, called Menislagamikessuk; the Moravians preached here regularly, and in 1755, when the Indian wars commenced, these inhabitant Indians removed to Gnadenhutten.

Gnadenhutten was destroyed by hostile Indians on the 24th of November, 1755, and eleven of the missionaries and their wives murdered. In January, 1756, Benjamin Franklin, by order of the Governor of Pennsylvania, erected a fort, called Fort Allen, upon the spot where the town had stood. The well in the fort is yet to be

seen.

M. S. HENRY,

Historian of Lehigh Valley.

C.

Letter of Rev. Cutting Marsh, on the present condition of the Delaware Indians and their traditions of the Brainerd brothers (see p. 421).

WAUPACA, WAUPACA COUNTY, Wis., July 1, 1864.

THOMAS BRAINERD, D.D.

Rev'd and dear SIR:-Yours of May 22d, together with one from the Rev. David Greene on the same subject, were duly received. I was glad to see the handwriting of the Rev. D. Greene, my former kind and faithful correspondent whilst laboring amongst the Stockbridge Indians; and I distinctly remember your countenance when you alluded to our student-days, in 1828, at Andover. Oh, how do years dwindle to a mere point in the retrospect! But I did not know, previous to the receipt of your letter, that you were a relative of the missionary Brainerds. Their names are still engraved upon the memories of the living, notwithstanding the ravages of time and death.

Upon the receipt of your letter I wrote to a Delaware woman, who lives with a small remainder of the Stockbridges in an adjoining county, as I knew that she could furnish me with more information upon the subject you desired than any other person living with whom I am acquainted. But my letter was detained a long time in some post-office, which is the reason you have not had an answer sooner hers has just come to hand. The mention of the names of the missionary Brainerds, and that they had relatives still living, seemed to touch a slumbering chord, which sweetly vibrated in her

bosom. That woman was hopefully converted under my preaching, and, although beset with many trials and surrounded by numerous discouragements, still gives evidence of being a new creature in Christ Jesus. Her father, it seems, had told his children much about the Brainerds; and I remember that he used to speak of them with lively interest and great respect.

He was converted under the preaching of the Rev. Jesse Miner, my predecessor amongst the Stockbridges, when an old man, perhaps sixty or seventy years old. I lent him the Memoirs of David Brainerd to read; and one morning early he called upon me in much distress of mind. "Yesterday," said he, "I was reading of his frames of mind before his conversion, and I thought it possible that I might be in the same condition; and, as his preaching was the means of converting my mother, I thought now he was preaching to me." His name was Bartholomew S. Calvin.* He was, at the solicitation of the Society in Scotland, selected by John Brainerd to receive a liberal education. His natural talents were above mediocrity; but in his Sophomore year in college the funds failed in consequence of the Revolutionary War with England, and he was obliged to leave college. Afterwards it appears that he was employed as a schoolteacher amongst the Indians for some years.

His daughter, who has only one surviving sister of quite a family of children, says that her great-grandfather, who resided in New Jersey, was a king amongst his people; and although he lived and died a pagan, yet he was said to be a very upright and honest man. He was rich, and owned a great deal of land and many horses; that his name was We-queh-a-lak.

A wicked white man living amongst his people would from time to time get him intoxicated, and then extort from him large tracts of land. At a certain time, after he became sober, having been made drunk in this manner, the white man told him how many miles of land he had sold to him. This so exasperated him, that he drew his gun and shot him through the heart. Previously he had been very intimate with the Governor, and they were accustomed to dine at each other's houses.

The old king then gave himself up to the white people, who not only took him, but all of his horses and all of his silver-ware which they could find, of which he had a good deal. His subjects offered to go and release him from jail and the white people, and let him go West. But no; he told them it would not be right for a king to run

*The man who came as delegate to New Jersey in 1832.