From the
United
States.

Material progress. The slowness of material development in the Philippines under American administration has been commented on. This is due to two causes: first, the failure to appreciate the really considerable progress made, and, second, From oththe determined stand of the government to prevent harmful exploitation or progress so rapid that the Filipino could not profitably participate therein.

To assist in material progress the government has constructed 873 miles of first-class highway and 1,287 miles of second-class roadsthis being about one-half of the road plan in contemplation. It has by encouragement and material assistance increased the railroad mileage from 120 to 564 miles. It has greatly improved the principal harbors of the Islands.

er coun-
tries

To the

United

States... $10,215,391 $18,741,771 316,716,956
To other
countries 20,778,232 21,122,398 23,061,673

Eruption of Taal Volcano.-On Jan. 30, 1911, occurred an eruption of Taal volcano more severe than any during the history of the PhilipThis volcano rises out of pines.

The government is giving to the Filipino youth industrial and agricultural training to enable him to Lake Bombon, forming a small progress and participate in the island, and is about 39 miles south social and material progress of the

Islands.

of

Manila. Seismic disturbances were registered at the Manila Observatory as early as Jan. 27, continuing with increased intensity until the eruption at 1 A. M. Jan. 30, which was followed by a windstorm and by earthquakes lasting two or three days. Devastation was plete along the western shores of Lake Bombon. The number of killed is given as 1,335. (See also XXVII, Earthquakes and Volcanoes.)

com

The President, as Governor of the Philippines, as Secretary of War, and in his present position, has stood for progress of the Philippines only when it meant progress of the Filipino people. This has been the policy in Congressional legislation. This is the policy which has prevented the introduction of Chinese labor which made the Malay States. Under this policy, of 60,000,000 acres of public Central Luzon Typhoon.-A tyland in the Philippines, 14,000 acres phoon of unusual extent and intenhas been alienated in ten years. sity swept north central Luzon With the Filipino better instructed from July 13 to 17, causing great as to his rights and better prepared public works, crops, to participate in the development of houses and telegraph wires. his country; there may well be a rainfall during four days was 88 in., slight letting up of the restrictions the greatest rainfall ever officially rewhich have held undeveloped, that corded for this period in any part he may profit therefrom, the forests, of the world. The greatest injury was fields and mines of his country. the partial destruction of the BenNot the least or least difficult ac- guet Road, the beautiful mountain complishment of the American gov- highway to the summer capital at ernment in the Philippines has been Baguio. the prevention of too rapid material progress.

The result of the 1909 tariff legislation is clearly indicated by the increased trade with the United States as shown in the following tables of imports and exports:

damage

to

GUAM

The

Commerce. The commander of the naval station continues to be the chief executive of the island. The past year has been a prosperous one and the finances are in good condi

Roads have been extended and repaired, which has resulted in the clearing and planting of many new tracts, especially in the planting of cocoanut trees.

tion. The amount of copra, the the only vacation being about two mainstay of the island, exported weeks in June and a few special during the year was 870 tons, valued holidays. at $51,050. The Japanese, the principal merchants of the island, export all the copra produced in the island and control the prices thereof. Imports during the year amounted to $140,326 and the duties collected The native population of the island amounted to $18,035. The revenues is 11,877, an increase of 253 during of the island government from taxes, the year. fees, etc., amounted to $48,422, and the expenditures, to $34,222.

TUTUILA

Commander W. M. Crose, U. S. N., was inaugurated Governor Nov. 10, 1910.

The business and prosperity of the island would be greatly increased were it possible to ship the products of Guam to Manila and to introduce goods from the Philippines. With The general health conditions show that in view the governor has re- improvement, but an epidemic of commended the establishment of a measles, a much-dreaded disease in service between Guam and Manila the South Seas, visited Tutuila and so that a trip will be made every Manua during the year. More than three months. There is also need 3,500 cases were reported, resulting for a modification of the customs in 117 deaths in Tutuila and 51 in regulations so that foreign goods im- Manua. ported from the United States or its possessions be given a rebate on further shipment to Guam, and that foreign goods shipped through the United States or its island possessions be allowed to pass in bond, or if duty is collected, it be refunded on shipment to Guam. Under present conditions foreign goods brought to Guam from the United States or the Philippines are required to pay a second duty. During the year a new custom house was built through which all imports must pass.

Sanitation. There is marked improvement in the health and sanitary condition of the people due to the introduction of water into Agana and into Inarajan, and to the constant fight of the medical officers against gangosa and hookworm. The Susana hospital is practically completed. There are now 24 cases of leprosy in the Tumon Colony, and it is the opinion of the governor and the doctors that all concerned would be benefited if the lepers could be removed to the Philippines leper colony.

Education. The effort to educate the children has continued with gratifying results. Attendance is compulsory for all children on the island and the schools are crowded. School work is continuous through the year,

The crop of copra, practically the only export, exceeds that for any previous year, and the financial condition of the island government is satisfactory.

There has been little or no improvement in the school system for some years and the schools compare very unfavorably with those of the Philippine Islands. There is an urgent need for more American teachers and special effort is being made to have English taught to the natives, which would be the greatest factor toward guiding them to civilization.

Urgent requests have been made for appropriations for the building of much needed roads in Tutuila.

HAWAII

Last year was a prosperous and rather uneventful year in Hawaii. The difficulty of obtaining suitable labor for the cane fields, which has for some time been chronic, continued throughout the year.

In Dec., 1910, the Chief of the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization visited Hawaii to study labor conditions and was quoted in the public press as finding conditions there intolerable from an American standpoint. The effort to obtain la

bor from the Philippine Islands has ducts shipped from the islands in the been continued and has resulted in last three years:

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1910.)

(Mayaguez, P. R.,

Register of Porto Rico for 1910.-
(San Juan, P. R., 1911.)
Government of Porto Rico :-
Hearings before Committee on Insular
Affairs, on Bill proposing to amend the
present Organic Law of Porto Rico,
January and February, 1910.
Report of Governor, 1910.
Hearings before Committee on Pacific
Islands and Porto Rico on H. R.
23,000, to provide a civil government
for P. R., 1911.

1,300 photogravures, colored plates, | in Porto Rico. engravings, maps. Contents: Vol. 1, Hawaii; Vol. 2, P. I. and Japan; Vol. 3 and 4, Japan; Vol. 5 and 6, China; Vol. 7, China and Cuba; Vol. 8, Cuba and Porto Rico; Vol. 9, Alaska. CROWELL, Katharine Roney.-A Story of Happenings in Porto Rico. (New York, 1910.) DEXTER, E. G.-"Education in Porto Rico." (Bulletin Pan-American Union 32: 81-91. Jan., 1911.) "Educational Progress in Porto Rico." (Review of Reviews, March, 1911.) LARRINAGA, T.-"Needs of Porto Rico." (Independent, 70: 356-9, Feb. 16, 1911.)

MASON, A. B.-"Porto Rico in Transi-
tion." (Century, 81: 870-5, April,
1911.)

Proceedings of the Conventions of
Mayors and Municipal Judges at the
Government House. (San Juan, P.
R., July 13-14, 1910.)
Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment
Station Bulletin No. 8.-Pineapple
growing in Porto Rico. (Washing-
ton Government Printing Office,
1909.)

Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment
Station Bulletin No. 9:-Sugar Cane

Samoan Islands.

ANDERSON, Tempest.-"Matavanu,
new volcano in Savaii, German Sa-
moa." (Nature, v. 85, 92-93, Nov. 17,
1910.)

CRAMPTON, H. E.-"Two Active Volca-
noes of the South Seas." (Popular
Science Monthly, v. 77; 603-611,
Dec., 1910.)-Description of a new
volcano on the Island of Savaii of the
Samoan Group.

PARK, E. D. Jr.-"Samoa and the Sa-
moans." (Overland, 58: 8-20, July,
1911.)

TRIPP, B.-My Trip to Samoa. (Torch
Press, 1911.)

XIII. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND THE CONDUCT OF

BUSINESS

S. S. HUEBNER

BUSINESS CONDITIONS IN 1911

A Year of Declining Business.-In, toward dullness and hesitation in last year's discussion of "Business most important Conditions in 1910" (see 1910 AMERICAN YEAR BOOK, page 377, etc.) it was explained that the bright prospects for increased trade, the hope of which was shared by nearly all the leading trade and financial journals at the beginning of the year, did not materialize, and that January of that year marked the highest point of industrial activity for the year, the tendency thereafter being one

lines of business. This declining tendency in trade and commerce is also the most noticeable feature in the business conditions of 1911; it prevailed during the entire year, and manifested itself in a more marked degree than in 1910. The business situation in 1911 cannot be characterized as a "business depression," especially when judged by the volume of business done as compared with the volume in recent normal

Corn:.........bu. 2,592,320,000 2,668,651,000 2,772,376,000 3,121,381,000 2,759,300,000

409,442,000 420,218,000 432,920,000

455,149,000

458,294,000

Spring wheat..

44

224,645,000 244,384,000

290,823,000

233,475,000

200,367,000

Oats.....

44

754,443,000

807,156,000 1,007,353,000 1,096,396,000

873,641,000

Rye..

64

31,566,000 153,597,000

31,851,000

32,239,000

32,088,000

30,677,000

Cotton...

.bales

11,571,966

13,825,457

10,609,668

11,500,000

14,000,000

2,608,000 1,759,000 116,547,000 115,696,000 141,766,000 122,030,000
2,397,000 1,794,000 112,712,000 109,828,000 98,463,000 142,439,000
2,615,000 2,188,000 120,067,000 130,532,000 107,187,000 156,637,000
2,483,000 2,065,000 117,477,000 118,085,000 123,824,000 162,007,000
2,390,000 1,893,000 123,242,000 126,962,000 141,874,000 165,555,000
2,265,000 1,787,000 127,219,000 124,544,000 160,315,000 165,995,000
118,370,000 112,167,000 168,386,000 157,434,000
127,803,000 125,493,000 170,640,000 137,738,000
119,519,000 115,588,000 168,881,000 133,441,000
126,469,000 118,255,900 148,793,000 140,894,000
119,353,000
123,339,000

2,142,000 1,793,000
2,106,000 1,926,000
2,054,000 1,977,000
2,093,000 2,102,000
1,909,000
1,777,000

139,261,000 134,997,000 130,389,000