improved methods of manufacturing in 1910, an increase of 70,897,685 steel from the molten metal, the bbl. in the annual production within production on a large scale, and the a decade. of and in per manufacture of the finished products Clothing. The manufacture in the same establishments where ready-made clothing for men and the metal is produced has revolu- women is now an important industionized the industry. (See XIII, try. It gave employment during Economic Conditions and Conduct of 1909 to 394,269 wage earners Business; and XXIII, Iron and the products were valued at $953,Steel.) 610,000. It is essentially an urban Textile Manufactures.-The spin-industry and is largely localized in ning and weaving of animal and New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, vegetable fibers considered as a whole Baltimore, Boston, St. Louis, and is one of the most important indus- Cincinnati. The establishments tries. The figures are summarized these cities gave employment to in the accompanying table. 270,465 wage earners, or 68.6 There were about 137,792,000 spin- cent. of the total for the United ning spindles at work in the cotton States, and their product was valued mills of the world during the year at $743,114,873, or 77.9 per cent. of 1911. Great Britain leads with the total. 54,523,000; the United States ranks Food Products.-The basic indussecond with 29,515,000; and Germany tries of this group are the flour mills; third with 10,480,000. Of the total canning and preserving of fruits; world's production of cotton from vegetables, fish and oysters; butter, the crop of 1910, 19,171,000 bales of cheese and condensed milk; slaugh500 lb. net, Great Britain consumes tering and meat packing; rice cleanabout 20 per cent., the United States ing; and the manufacture of sugar. 25 per cent., and Germany 9 per cent. With the exception of the slaughterThe remainder is used by other coun- ing and meat packing and the refintries, of which Russia, France, India, ing of sugar, these are essentially and Japan are the principal consu- rural industries. They gave employmers. The 4,705,000 bales con- ment during 1909 to 229,549 wage sumed in the United States is earners, or 4 per cent. of the total, about equally divided between the and their products amounted to mills in the northern and southern $3,035,553,000, or 15 per cent. of the states. For the year ending Aug. 31, total for all industries. There is a 1911, the northern mills used 2,377,- duplication in the products for the 000 bales and the southern 2,328,000 sugar industry because it includes bales; there were 18,438,000 spindles the manufacture of the raw comin the northern states and 11,085,000 modity, and also the refining of suin the southern states. Next to cot-gar. Practically all of the raw cane ton, wool is the most important fiber sugar is consumed as material in the used in the textile industry, and refineries. there were 559,810,000 pounds consumed in the United States during the year. The consumption of silk has increased rapidly. It is used not only in the silk mills but also in the cotton mills and mills using other fibers. There are about 17,729,000 lb. of raw silk consumed annually in the textile mills of the United States. Industrial Centers.-Naturally, manufacturers concentrate in localities affording the best advantages for the supply of labor and material, and for the distribution of the product. As a rule, these conditions are found to the greatest extent in large cities or in the vicinity of such cities. During the early development of Cement. The consumption of this manufactures in the United States material in construction work has there was a decided tendency to conbeen a feature of the building opera- centrate in cities, but for the past tions of recent years and the pro- 30 years there has been a marked duction has increased more rapidly and constant tendency toward than other industries. There were wider distribution, and the percent5,652,266 bbl. of Portland cement age represented by establishments manufactured in 1899 and 76,549,951 located within the corporate limits a of the principal cities has been de- | for 1909, and they gave employment creasing. Manufactures are being to 4,316,148 wage earners, or 65.2 per established in the smaller cities, in cent. of the total. In 1899 the estabsuburbs, and improved transportation lishments in cities of this class refacilities have enabled their estab- ported 69.0 per cent. of the product lishment in localities which were and gave employment to 64.6 per formerly considered impracticable. cent. of the wage earners. The 25 principal manufacturing cities of the country, measured by the value of product, contained 74,744 establishments in 1909, or 27.8 per cent. of the total for the United States; they gave employment to 2,094,402 wage earners, or 31.7 per cent.; and the value of product amounted to $7,786,948,754, or 37.7 per cent. The corresponding percentages for 1899 were 29.2, 33.7, and 41.3, respectively. Considering all cities with a population of 10,000 or over, it appears that the value of the products of their manufactures forms 69 per cent. of the total for the United States were Imports and Exports of Manufactures.-The total imports of free and dutiable commodities during the first 11 months of the year were valued at $1,392,585,229. The partly or wholly manufactured commodities valued at $752,599,000, or 54.0 per cent. of the total. The exports were valued at $1,835,745,135, and the partly or wholly manufactured commodities at $1,154,295,989 or 62.9 per cent. of the total. As compared with the same period for 1910 the value of the manufactured imports decreased $35,477,656, or 4.5 per cent., and the exports increased $173,076,358, or 17.6 per cent. XXV. TRADE, TRANSPORTATION, AND COMMUNICATION GROVER G. HUEBNER MERCHANT SHIPPING Tonnage Afloat.-The total docu- | creased to 6,593,728 tons; and the mented merchant fleet afloat of the tonnage of licensed vessels of under United States for the year ended 20 tons increased to 122,529. 1880. 2,378 1,352,810 1890. 1,527 1895. 1,260 1900. 1,330 1905. 1908. 16,410 2,649,353 5,924 65,871 24,712 4,068,034 946,695 15,153 3,201,481 6,877 85,918 23,467 838,187 14,408 3,705,104 7,572 826,694 13,786 4,239,569 8,217 1,372 954,513 14,126 5,391,802 9,183 1,591 940,068 14,115 6,307,939 9,719 1,633 887,505 14,072 6,381.053 9,983 1,526 791,825 14,049 6,593,728 10,165 122,529 25,740 7,508,082 4,424,497 92,669 23,240 4,635,960 1909. 1910.. June 30, 1910, comprised 25,740 vessels of 7,508,082 gross tons. This aggregate tonnage exceeds that of the preceding year by 119,327 gross tons, that of 1905 by 1,051,539, and that of 1900 by 2,343,243. The fol GEOGRAPHICAL Geographical Distribution. The documented shipping of the United States during the fiscal year 1910 was distributed among geographical divisions and classes of vessels as follows: CANAL No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. Atlantic & Gulf. 7,839 1,113,525 6,570 1,693,923 194 23,156 2,396 686,528 16,999 3,517,132 Total..... 8,947 1,655,473 12,452 4,900,361 674 74,068 3,667 878,180 25,740 7,508,082 lowing table shows that this increase has been entirely in the domestic fleet, and that the registered marine engaged in foreign trade continues its decline. The registered fleet comprised a total of 782,517 gross tons, the smallest in amount in 20 years, except for the year 1898. The fleet of enrolled vessels, engaged in the domestic trade, on the contrary, in As during the preceding year and gradually since 1861, the tonnage of sailing vessels declined, while that of steamships increased. The more recent growth of barge tonnage continued during the year. Particularly pronounced has been this movement on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, where in recent years the tonnage of barges has increased even The 25 principal manufacturing cities of the country, measured by the value of product, contained 74,744 establishments in 1909, or 27.8 per cent. of the total for the United States; they gave employment to 2,094,402 wage earners, or 31.7 per cent.; and the value of product amounted to $7,786,948,754, or 37.7 per cent. The corresponding percentages for 1899 were 29.2, 33.7, and 41.3, respectively. Considering all cities with a population of 10,000 or over, it appears that the value of the products of their manufactures forms 69 per cent. of the total for the United States Imports and Exports of Manufactures.-The total imports of free and dutiable commodities during the first 11 months of the year were valued at $1,392,585,229. The partly or wholly manufactured commodities were valued at $752,599,000, or 54.0 per cent. of the total. The exports were valued at $1,835,745,135, and the partly or wholly manufactured commodities at $1,154,295,989 or 62.9 per cent. of the total. As compared with same period for 1910 the value manufactured imports $35,477,656, or 4.5 per exports increased per cent. XXV. TRADE, TRANSPORTATION, AND COMES GROVER G. HORNE MERCHANT SHIPPING Tonnage Afloat.-The total doou creased to mented merchant fleet afloat of the tonnage of United States for the year ended 20 tous ins uretania and Lusitania of the Cuard Steamship Company; and the 45,000 gross tons of the Olympic and Titanic (the latter now under construction) of the White Star te. Line. |