west during the winter in order to cegenation in Minneapolis and St. carry on archeological investigations. Paul. Columbus: The Ohio State Archæ- New Haven: Peabody Museum of ological and Historical Society.-W. Yale University.-The chief work by C. Mills, the Curator, has completely Assistant Prof. George Grant Macexcavated the large Overly Mound. Curdy, entitled A Study of ChiriThis proved to be culturally entirely quian Antiquities, appeared in 1911 different from the Seip Mound, which as Vol. III, Connecticut Academy of is only about one hundred yards dis- Arts and Sciences. It is the result tant, and just outside the great of an intensive study of the unparearthworks of the Seip group. Thus alleled collection of Chiriquian anthe prediction of Mr. Mills that these tiquities belonging to Yale Univermounds outside the earthworks sity, supplemented by public and would differ from those within has private collections in both America come true. and Europe. Chiriquian ceramic Los Angeles: The Southwest So- decoration is dominated by motives ciety. This society, a branch of the derived from life forms or elements Archæological Institute of America, thereof. Motives derived from the maintains a rapidly growing museum, armadillo are everywhere plastic, and through its Secretary, C. F. presumably because they originated Lummis, and its Curator, Hector Al- in a class of ware that depended on liot, is doing an important educa- sculpture and relief for ornament. tional work along archeological and When transfered to painted ware, ethnological lines. their plastic origin still asserted it Mexico.-The International School self. The development of a whole of American Archeology and Eth- series of motives derived from the nology was inaugurated in the City armadillo is first noted in this work. of Mexico on January 20, 1911. The Motives derived from the alligator founding patrons of the school are are always executed in color instead the government of Mexico, the gov- of relief. They characterize a group ernment of Prussia, Columbia Uni- of ware that depends on color for orversity, and Harvard University. The nament, and when carried over into director of the school for 1911 was other groups they appear consistentProf. Eduard Seler of the University ly as painted forms, but with an inof Berlin. The director for 1912 dividuality somewhat altered by the is Prof. Franz Boas of Columbia Uni- technique of the group of ware in versity. At the Museo Nacional, question. The motive derived from Señor Robelo succeeds Señor Garcia the profile of the alligator, or either as director. Señor Francisco M. of its derivatives, the spine motive Rodriguez has been appointed in- and the scale-group motive, would spector-general and conservator of have made a convenient hieroglyph archeological monuments of the Re- in a system of writing, but there is public, succeeding Señor Batres. no evidence to prove that it was used Señor Paul Henning has just dis- as such. The motive derived from covered a new center of ancient civilization in the district of Juquila, State of Oaxaca. Among the specimens brought to light are 40 large sculptured stone slabs. the dorsal view of the alligator is common not only to the alligator ware, but is also frequently met with in the lost color group. As a vehicle of mythologic and artistic expression the gold images of Chiriqui vie with the splendid series of pottery. The majority are composite in character, described by earlier writers as monsters. In his endeavor to unravel the apparent tangle of mixed attributes, the Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.-Prof. Albert E. Jenks of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology has just completed an ethnic census of Minneapolis, having collected data from about 40,000 families. From these are to be gathered facts on amalgamation, fecundity, author believes he has identified a etc., as well as material for an ethnic map of the city. Dr. Jenks has also completed a study of negro-white mis number of important Chiriquian deities: the alligator-god, the jaguargod, the parrot-god, and the crab god. With due allowance for the in- medicine bundles. Among the Hifluences radiating from the Aztec and datsa, Dr. Lowie was assisted by Maya civilization on the north and Rev. Gilbert L. Wilson, of Minnethe Inca and Chibcha on the south, apolis, Minn. the results of the present study point to forces from within rather than without, as being the chief factors in the development of Chiriquian culture, which contains many elements of fundamental importance to a complete history of primitive art. Dr. MacCurdy is also author of the article "Chiriqui" in Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. III, 1911; and "An Aztec Calendar Stone in Yale University Museum," American Anthropologist, Oct.-Dec., 1910. Alanson Skinner spent July and August among the Menomini Indians of Wisconsin. He secured a collection containing a large number of sacred objects, several war bundles and medicine bags worked with porcupine quills. The technique of some of this quill work is new and of considerable interest. The Menomini collections which are now fairly complete will be installed in the New Eastern Woodlands Hall. Dr. J. R. Walker, United States Indian Physician, of Pine Ridge Reservation, S. D., has been a voluntary contributor to the Department of Anthropology for several years. He Assistant Profs. Hiram Bingham and Ellsworth Huntington, both of Yale University, have been on archeological missions during the year. Prof. Bingham has been in Peru is especially interested in the mythsince July. Prof. Huntington has re- ology and ceremonies of the Dakota turned from Arizona and New Mexi- Indians, among whom he has lived co with important data bearing on for 13 years. During the past year the climatic conditions under which he gathered some 400 pages of the ancient Pueblo culture developed. manuscript written by Indians who New York: American Museum of have learned to write their own lanNatural History.-Dr. Clark Wiss- guage in the Rigg's alphabet. These ler, Curator of the Department of manuscripts contain unusual maAnthropology, spent part of the sum terial upon the most complex and mer among the Dakota Indians of sacred of Indian conceptions. the Pine Ridge Reservation, giving special attention to military and other societies. Dr. P. E. Goddard, visited the Cree and Chipewyan Indians of western Canada, during June and July. Among the Cree he made a new and important ethnological collection of about 200 specimens, including many ceremonial articles and many specimens made of buffalo hide. He also observed the Sun Dance of these Indians, a ceremony so far not described. Later he spent two weeks among the Chipewyan Indians, investigating their language because of its relationship to the Apache and other languages of the Southwest, of which he has made special study. The new collection will be installed in the Plains Hall. Dr. Robert H. Lowie spent the summer among the Crow, Hidatsa, Mandan, and Dakota Indians, continuing his systematic work of previous years. His special subjects of investigation were military and oth er societies, the Sun Dance, and V. Stefansson has discovered a strange people in Victoria Land, north of Cape Bexley, that resemble Scandinavian or North European peasants more than they do the Eskimo or other American aborigines. Stefansson suggests that they may represent an earlier, purer type of Eskimo than had been known hitherto; or that there may have been a direct admixture of European blood. He mentions two or three ways by which this admixture might have taken place. These Victoria Landers may be the mixed descendants of the Icelandic (Norse-Teutonic) colonists who disappeared from Greenland in the 15th century; or of survivors of Sir John Franklin's expedition that was lost near the east coast of Victoria Land in the forties of the last century. Publications of the Department of Anthropology are: Anthropological Papers: Vol. V, Part II. "Contribution to the Vol. VI, Part I. "The Archæology of the Yakima Valley." Harlan I. Smith, "The Prehistoric Ethnology of a Kentucky Site." Harlan I. Smith, 1910. Vol. VI, Part II. Ales Hrdlicka, spirit of coöperation is being developed between the Provincial muorder that there may be no duplicaseums and the Dominion museum in tion of work. The national collections of archeology have been divided into five groups as follows: Pacific coast, plateau region, plains, eastern woodlands, and Arctic. guide book has been written for the collections from the plateau country of British Columbia, and the text of a similar guide for the Pacific coast is nearly finished. Vol. VII, Part I. "The Social Life of the Blackfoot Indians." Clark Wissler, 1911. A Ottawa. An anthropological department has recently been established in connection with the Geological Survey of Canada. Dr. Edward Sapir is in charge of the Division of Philadelphia: Department of AnEthnology, and Harlan I. Smith that thropology, University of Pennsylof Archaeology, Dr. Sapir has col- vania.-Assistant Prof. George B. lected material on the language, Gordon, head of the Department and mythology and ethnology of the director of the University Museum, Nootka Indians of the west coast of reports that field work by graduate Vancouver Island. C. M. Barbeau of students was conducted among the the staff is studying the ethnology Indians in Maine and among the Inof the Huron-Wyandots. Work in dians in Virginia. Other investigaother regions is being advanced by tions in the field were carried on by the cooperation of outside ethnolo- Dr. Frank G. Speck among the Pegists. Dr. A. A. Goldenweiser of nobscot Indians in Maine, among the Columbia University was authorized Hurons at Lorette and among the in the summer of 1911, to investigate Montagnais at Lake St. John, norththe social organization of the Iro- ern Quebec. Dr. Speck concluded his quois Indians in Grand River Re- monograph on the Ceremonial Songs serve. W. H. Mechling, formerly of of the Creek and Yuchi Indians and the Indian Census Bureau at Wash- his work has been published by the ington, undertook a more general University Museum. The activities study of the Micmacs and Malecites in the Museum have consisted up to of New Brunswick. Dr. Cyrus Mac- the present time in the field work Millan, of McGill University, Mont- of M. Raymond Harrington, who real, was charged with the ethnolo- conducted the work of the George G. gic research of the Micmacs of Nova Heye Expedition among the Indians Scotia, Cape Breton Island, and of the West. The collections made Prince Edward Island, chief stress by Mr. Harrington embrace a large being laid on folklore and religion. quantity of general ethnological maIn connection with all of the eth- terial and are remarkable for upnologic field work undertaken for the ward of 100 sacred bundles which Geological Survey of Canada, speci- he obtained. The Museum has colmens have been procured with a view lected about 300 songs of eastern and to making the present collections of northern Indians. During the sumthe museum more complete. mer of 1911, Miss Gerda Sebbelov Since June, 1911, Harlan I. Smith lived among the Osage Indians, has been organizing the Archeolog- studying their social organization, ical Survey of the Dominion, and secret societies and decorative art. preparing the national collections Wilson D. Wallis studied the ethfor exhibition in the Victoria Me- nology of the Micmac Indians in morial Museum at Ottawa. In the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; endeavor to cover all parts of the country, Mr. Smith has enlisted the support of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police, whose patrols take them into all parts of Western Canada; the Indian agents are also to During the early months of 1911 be employed in a similar way. The a native of Dahomey, on the west and W. C. Orchard made a study of Siouxan house construction for a series of models which are being prepared under his direction in the Museum. of the sixth edition with a new pre- | LENZ, Rodolfo.- Las Elementos Indios face. (London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1911.) BOAS, Franz.-Abstract of the Report on Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. A report of the Immigration Commission. (Washington, Govt. Printing Office, 1911.) Kwakiutl tales. (New York, Columbia Univ. Press; and Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1910.) CUMMINGS, Byron.-"The Ancient Inhabitants of the San Juan Valley." (Bull. Univ. of Utah, vol. iii, No. 3, Pt. 2, Salt Lake City, Nov., 1910.) CURTIS, Edward S.-The North American Indian, Being a Series of Volumes Picturing and Describing the Indians of the United States and Alaska. Written, illustrated and published by E. S. Curtis; edited by F. W. Hodge; foreword by Theodore Roosevelt; field research conducted under the patronage of J. Pierpont Morgan. (The Plimpton Press, Norwood, Mass.) Vols. VI (Piegan, Cheyenne, Arapaho), VII (Yakima, Klickitat, Interior Salish, Kutenai), and VIII (Nez Percés. Wallawalla, Umatilla, Cayuse, Chinookan Tribes) appeared in 1911. EASTMAN, C. A.-The Soul of the Indian. (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1911.) GRUBB, W. B. (ed. by T. M. Jones).— Unknown People in an Unknown Land: an Account of the Life and Customs of the Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco, with Adventures and Experiences met with during Twenty Years' Pioneering and Exploration among them. (Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1911.) HADDON, Alfred C.-History of Anthropology. (New York and London, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1910.) HADDON, Kathleen.-Cat's Cradles from Many Lands. (London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1911.) HODGE, F. W.-"The Jumano Indians." (Proc. Amer. Antiq. Soc., new ser., vol. xx, 249-268, 1910.) HOLMES, W. H.-"Some Problems of the American race.' (Amer. Anthrop., new ser., vol. xii, 149-182, 1910.) HOUZE, E.-"Le Problème de l'Origine de l'Homme." (Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Bruxelles, t. xxx, 2e, fasc., 1911.) del Castellano de Chile, Estudio Linguistico i Ethnológico; Primera Parte, Diccionaria Etimolojico de las Voces Chilenas Derivadas de Lenguas Indijenas Americanas. (Publicado como anexo a los Anales de la Universidad de Chile.) Segunda Entrega. (Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Cervantes, 1910, pp. 449-938.) MCCLINTOCK, Walter.-The Old North Trail. Life, Legends, and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians. (London, Macmillan and Co., 1910.) MOIR, J. Reid. "The Flint Implements of Sub-Crag Man" (sub-crag is middle Pliocene). (Proc. Prehistoric Soc. of East Anglia, vol. i. Pt. i, 1911.) OPPENHEIM, Stefanie.-"Zur Typologie des Primatencraniums." (Zeitschr. für Morphologie und Anthropol., Bd. xiv, Stuttgart, 1911.) PETRIE, W. M. Flinders.-The Revolu RADIN, Paul.-"The Ritual and Signifi- RIVERS, W. H. R.-"The Ethnological Préhistorique dans l'Europe Centrale." (Ext. des Actes et mem. du XIIe Congrès d'Arch, et d'Hist., Malines, 1911.) SELER, Eduard.-"The Basis and Object rero, Mexico." (Amer. Anthr., new ser., vol. xiii, Jan.-Mch., 1911.) WINCHELL, N. H. (ed.)—The Aborigines of Minnesota. (St. Paul, Pioneer Press Co., 1911.) WRIGHT, G. Frederick.-The Ice Age in XXX. PSYCHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY J. MARK BALDWIN In the article in last year's YEAR | view, Sept., 1911. The importance BOOK a general account was given of the topic resides in the role of the of recent movements in these sub- supposed imageless thought in sugjects. This may serve as introduc-gesting a mode of knowledge not extion for the indications of this year hausted by the content, the images, also, especially as there have not presented to consciousness. The reappeared works of importance out- cent advances in the theory of "meanside of the lines there drawn, ex-ing" anticipate the result of expericept in one subject, anthropology, to which I return below. ments, showing that the images present in the processes of thought by no means exhaust the meaning of the terms and concepts employed. There is always a broader "intent", affective and motive, selective and not writer's terms to express the distinction—which attaches to the content, and which is not given in images. The recognition of this and its interpretation gives to the advocates of one or other of the sorts of "alogism" and intuitionism now coming into fashion a foothold in psychology. General, Comparative and Experimental Psychology. In the realm of animal psychology American work has been well to the fore. It has consisted, however, here as in other recognitive-to employ the present countries, of detailed experimental studies (see the "Comparative Psychological Number" of the Psychological Bulletin, Aug. 15, 1911, for classified notices over the whole field). A work of importance is Light and the Behavior of the Lower Organisms, by S. O. Mast, of Baltimore. Dr. Mast writes from a point of view which rejects the mechanical interpretations of the movements of low organisms. He goes so far as to throw out the term "tropism" altogether as having become too ambiguous and confusing. His book gives a competent historical and critical account of the theory of responses to stimulation, especially to light. Prof. Thorndike's experimental studies of the higher animals have been brought together in a volume entitled Animal Intelligence. In experimental psychology, discussion and research have turned upon restricted special questions, such as that of "imageless thought" (have we thought without images?). A critical résumé of the work on this topic, written by Ogden, will be found in the Psychol. Bulletin, July 15, 1911. Angell discusses it deftly in general terms in the Psychol. Re Our library of textbooks in psychology has been enriched by three works, all of them good: Essentials of Psychology, by Prof. Pillsbury, of Michigan; Introduction to Psychology, by Prof. Yerkes, of Harvard, and Introduction to Experimental Psychology, by Dr. Myers, of Cambridge University. Of these the work of Yerkes departs most widely from traditional lines. The author advocates the sufficiency of psychology as a science and its ability to do its own work in its own way in relative independence of physiology and neurology. In method he emphasizes introspection. Prof. Pillsbury goes to the other extreme in defining psychology as the science of "human behavior," thus seeming to concede for man what the animal psychologists are advocating for the lower forms, a purely objective poi |