XXXV. LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE ANCIENT LITERATURE AND PHILOLOGY ANCIENT LITERATURE CLIFFORD H. MOORE The first three-quarters of the year 1911 have brought greater additions to classical literature than the year 1910. It is true that no single piece is of the interest which the poems of Callimachus possessed; but the total amount of this year's gain is larger and of more varied interest. As often before, we owe a debt of gratitude to the scholarship and energy of Arthur S. Hunt, from whose skilled hand come the two most important volumes of the year: Catalogue of the Greek Papyri in the John Rylands Library, Manchester (P. Rylands), and The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, vol. viii (P. Oxyr.). fice, dating from the Decian persecution. P. Oxyr. 1073 gives us on a vellum leaf of the fourth century parts of Genesis v and vi in the "Old Latin" version preceding Jerome's translation, which are textually important; 1074 and 1075 are two fragments of the Greek version of Exodus xxxi and xl, dating from the third century and therefore older than any known manuscript; 1076 offers a fragment of a new recension of Tobit ii; and 1081 contains an interesting bit of an unknown gnostic gospel. Classical Texts.-Each volume brings new classical texts. Of these the most important is P. Oxyr. 1082, fragments of meliambi by the poet Cercidas. The first fragment preserves portions of two poems. One contains a discussion of the nature Theological Fragments. Each of the gods and of divine providence, volume opens with fragments of the- in which the poet declares that the ological content, of which the most current beliefs do not square with important are the following: P. Ry- the facts of life; he will rather leave lands 6, a sixth-century papyrus the fictitious gods to the astrologers, containing what is apparently quite and worship the tried Paean, Giving, the oldest extant copy of the Nicene and Retribution, that is, beneficence Creed. Although the text does not for those afflicted in body or spirit exactly coincide with any of the oth- and punishment for wrongdoers. The er versions known, it offers no very second poem is erotic, teaching the important variants; it closes with a cheap and easy way of love. Anpersonal confession of faith: "This other fragment is apparently biois my creed, with this language [I graphical, expressing the poet's satshall approach without fear (?)] the isfaction that he has devoted himself terrible judgment seat of the Lord to the service of the Muses all his Christ in that dread day when He life. The fourth of the larger fragshall come again in His own glory ments, which contains a few verses to judge the quick and the dead and on an uncertain subject, held the to reign with the saints forever and final column of the papyrus roll and ever. Amen." Next in interest are has the subscription, "The Meliambi 7, a new acrostic Christian hymn; of Cercidas the Cynic." Thus we 8 and 9, two liturgical fragments; and 12, a certificate of pagan sacri know definitely that Cercidas was a follower of Antisthenes, and from clear references to Zeno the Stoic and his pupil Sphaerus, we must place the poet in the third century B. C. His verses show him to be a graceful writer of no depth and with little poetic gift. P. Rylands 13 is a fragment of an epic dealing with the story of Linus and the Argive festival of the ArneIdes. With this should be named P. Oxyr. 1085, a second-century fragment of a poem by the Alexandrine versifier Pancrates, hitherto known to us from Athenaeus, who quotes four "not inelegant" verses, to which this discovery adds some 40 more. Pancrates suggested to the emperor Hadrian that a certain kind of lotus, which he declared had sprung from the blood of a man-eating lion slain by the emperor, should be named from the imperial favorite Antinous. The verses so pleased Hadrian that he gave Pancrates free maintenance in the Museum, a generous reward to judge the whole poem by the swollen and diffuse style of the part we have recovered. Dramatic Texts.-The only significant gain in dramatic literature consists of 28 fairly complete verses from a satyric play, P. Oxyr. 1083. This probably dates from the fifth century B. C. since the choral element seems large, but in spite of the names of two characters, Oineus and Phoenix, it is impossible to determine the author. P. Rylands 15 is the lament of a girl whose lover has been carried away to become a gladiator and 17 gives us six lines of an epithalamium which suggests the "Epithalamium of Helen" by Theocritus. No. 23 of the same volume contains a fragmentary epitome of the Odyssey, and 26 is one of the happy surprises, for it is nothing less than a part of Apion's "Homeric Glosses," dating from the first century, and therefore but slightly later than the date of composition. New Homeric scholia are given in 1086 and 1087 of the P. Oxyr., both of the first century of our era. The former is important for the history of the Aristarchean tradition, while the latter is non-Aristarchean, and gains additional interest by giving us new quotations from no less than 15 different authors. According to the London Times of Nov. 11, Dr. Hunt has announced the recovery of about 400 verses of the "Ichneutae," "The Trackers," a satyric play by Sophocles. The publication of this fragment will be eagerly awaited by scholars. History. In the field of history P. Oxyr. 1084 presents a second-century fragment of the first book of Hellanicus's "Atlantis," and 1089 a third-century fragment of an Alexandrian chronicle, in which is mentioned the prefect L. Avillius Flaccus attacked by Philo. Homer. Of the fragments of extant literature Homer naturally claims the lion's share in the Rylands volume; no Homeric passages are given from Oxyrhynchus this year. The most interesting is 53, which represents the extensive remains of a vellum book dating from the third or fourth century. The text contains parts of books xii-xv and xviii-xxiv; the largest portions belong to xiii-xiv and xx-xxiv, in fact the lines for the last three books and a half are continuous, although a hole in the center of each leaf causes considerable gaps. The character of the text is "mixed," showing close agreement with no single manuscript or group, so that after all the chief value of this discovery is that it adds a new example to the oldest vellum books known. The other Greek authors represented are Hesiod, Bacchylides, Herodotus, Hippocrates, Demosthenes, Isocrates, and Polybius. Latin papyri are so rare that every scrap is welcome. P. Oxyr. 1097, a leaf from a papyrus book of the fifth century, contains Cicero, De Imperio Cn. Pompei §§ 60-65, and In Verrem II, 1§§1-4 in a text of some critical value; 1098 offers a few fragments of Vergil, Aeneid ii, 16-23, 39-46. 1099 and P. Rylands 61 are of especial interest, the former because it contains a fragmentary Latin-Greek vocabu lary of words drawn from the Aeneid iv, 659-705, and v, 1-6; the latter is a portion of Cicero, In Catilinam II, with a parallel translation in Greek. Both date from the fifth century and were intended for Greeks learning Latin. A few marks of quantity and accents are found on the Latin. SEMITIC PHILOLOGY AND MORRIS JASTROW zig, Hinrichs, 1911). That an Aramaic dialect became the common speech even in Babylonia during the two centuries preceding the coming of the Persians is one of the surprising results of recent researches that is being confirmed by steadily increasing material. The Elephantine Papyri.-A long expected publication which has appeared just in time to be noticed in this survey is Prof. Eduard Sachau's Assyriology. Within the field of edition of the "Aramaische Papyrus Assyriology, the most significant and Ostraka" (Leipzig, Hinrichs, publication of the past year is in 1911), the collection of the impor- the subdivision of archæology. Foltant finds made some years ago at lowing up Andrae's valuable treatElephantine the little island oppo- ment of the Anu-Adad Temple excasite Assuan. The documents found vated by the German expedition at in the ruins of houses, all in Aramaic Ashur, the ancient capital of Asand belonging to the 5th century syria, Dr. Robert Koldewey, the diB. C., throw a remarkable and un-rector of the German excavations at expected light on a Jewish military Babylon, has summed up in a splencolony established at Elephantine during the period of Persian supremacy in Egypt which maintained relations with the mother-church in Jerusalem. Among the documents are also fragments of the Aramaic original of the famous Achikar story and parts of the Aramaic translation of the rock inscription of Darius I at Behistun. In all 87 documents are included in this publication, to which an extra volume of facsimiles of the text is attached. Inscriptions of the Persian Kings. -Belonging to the same period of the Achaemenian dynasty of Persia (c. 545 to 331 B. C.), is Weissbach's edition and translation of the inscriptions of the Persian Kings (Die Keilinschriften der Achaemeniden, Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1911). With the exceptions of the two inscriptions of Cyrus, which are in Babylonian, all the other documents are couched in the three official languages of the Persian Kingdom-old Persian, Babylonian and Neo-Elamitic. Prof. Weissbach furnishes a transliteration of all three languages with translations and explanatory notes. Aramaic. A useful compilation of the entire material bearing on the position of the Aramaan groups in the history of the ancient Orient and of the prominent position acquired by Aramaic from the 8th Century B. C. throughout Palestine, and Syria up to the district of the Euphrates and Tigris and extending well into Arabia, is represented by Sina Schiffer's "Die Aramäer" (Leip didly illustrated volume with detailed charts and drawings, the results of the investigations of the temples of Babylon and Borsippa, so far as recovered. (Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa, Leipzig, Hinrich, 1911). Thanks to this work, we now have a definite view of the interior arrangement of Babylonian sanctuaries. Sumerian. The publication of a Sumerian grammar by Stephen Langdon (Paris, Geuthner, 1911), may be taken as an indication of the advance made in our knowledge of the language spoken by the old Sumerian settlers in the Euphrates valley. At the same time Langdon's work shows how much is still doubtful and how defective our knowledge is at many points. Francois Thureau-Dangin, of Paris, now the leading authority on Sumerian has acquired fresh laurels by his Lettres et Contrats de l'Epoque de la Première Dynastie Babylonienne (Paris, Geuthner, 1910) -an important collection of documents, containing also two cuneiform tablets from a district Khana of which hitherto little was known. Another new center from which numerous tablets have recently turned up is Drehem, 3 miles to the south of Nippur. It is to the same indefatigable Thureau-Dangin that we owe the first publication of Sumerian documents from this place. Two larger publications of Drehem tablets are just off the press, one by H. de Genouillac of the collection in Constantinople and in the Louvre, another of Stephen Langdon of those that have been acquired by the Bodleian Library and the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford. Babylonian. The activity of the British Museum is represented by three parts of the "Cuneiform Texts" series (Parts 27 to 29), two of which are taken up chiefly with "BirthOmens" which for the first time enable us to obtain a detailed view of the system perfected by the Babylonian priests in interpreting unusual phenomena-chiefly malformations-observed in new-born infants and in the young of animals. L. W. King has published the first of three volumes of his History of Babylonia and Assyria (London, Chatto and Windus, 1910), which comprising a complete treatment of the entire material by a master of the subject will undoubtedly take rank as the standard work on the subject in English. Of works by American scholars, mention should be made of the appearance of two more volumes of the Assyrian and Babylonian Letters of the British Museum by Prof. R. F. Harper of the University of Chicago (London, Luzac & Co., 1911). This series of eleven volumes forms a corpus of the epistolary literature of Assyria and Babylonia, of equal importance for the light thrown by these letters on historical events, on social conditions and on religious practices. Prof. Jastrow's Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria (New York, Putnams, 1911) aims to give in a popular form a summary of the main facts of the Babylonian-Assyrian religion, as disclosed by recent researches. Arabic. In Arabic literature, the most notable publication is Ignaz Goldziber's Vorlesungen über den 18lam (Heidelberg, Winter, 1911), which as a treatment of the subject by the greatest living authority ought to appear in an English garb also. The great Encyclopaedia of Islam appearing in parts in three languages (English, French and German) is making slow progress, the work extending at present only to BAD. The projectors appear to be in lack of funds to carry on this expensive but highly important underking; and it would be a serious loss to science if the Encyclopaedia should have to be abandoned for this reason. Hebrew. The excavations conducted for a number of years under the auspices of Harvard University through the generosity of Jacob H. Sehiff have at last yielded important results. A palace was uncovered which is in all probability the one erected or enlarged by Ahab the King of Israel (9th century B. C.) and numerous ostraka containing important lists of Hebrew proper names have been found. A preliminary account has been furnished by Prof. D. G. Lyon "Hebrew Ostraka from Samaria" (Harvard Theological Review, vol. III, pp. 136-146), and an elaborate publication on the excavations is announced as in preparation. Preliminary reports of important excavations in "underground Jerusalem" conducted by English explorers are being published by Prof. H. Vincent in the Revue Biblique (Vol. 8, Nos. 4 and 5). In the "International Series" of commentaries on the Old and New Testament, the volume on Genesis by Prof. H. S. Skinner has appeared (New York, Scribners, 1911), which is by far the best work on the subject that has as yet appeared in English. The treatment is full and explicit and embodies the latest results of critical study of the various documents comprised in Genesis. INDO-GERMANIC PHILOLOGY (Exclusive of the Germanic Languages.) ROLAND G. KENT The activity of American scholars in this field is such that our entire space is this year devoted to their work.1 "The following abbreviations are used: AJA., American Journal of of Philology; CP., Classical Philology; Archaeology; AJP., American Journal Co., Classical Quarterly; IF, Indogermanische Forschungen; JAOS., Journal of the American Oriental Society: KZ., Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, begründet PAPA., Proceedings of the American ceedings of the American Philosophical Society; TAPA., Transactions of the American Philological Association. von A. Kuhn; Philological Association; PAPS., Pro Indo-Iranian (see also under “Suf- ¦ IF., 28, 203-4, 29, 221-6; JAOS., 31, fixes and Etymologies").-L. C. Bar- 223-250). another volume of his travels and studies, entitled From Constantinople to the Home of Omar Khayyam (New York, Macmillan, 1911). rett (Trinity) has issued the first A. V. W. Jackson has just issued edition of Book II of The Kashmirian Atharva Veda (JAOS., 30, 187258), continuing Book I (in JAOS., 26), from a single badly written manuscript, continuing many hymns not known in other versions of the Atharva Veda. G. M. Bolling (Catholic Univ.) and J. von Negelein (Königsberg, Germany) have completed vol. 1 of The Parisisṭas of the Atharvaveda (Leipzig, Harrassowitz; part 1, 1909; parts 2 and 3, 1910), giving a text, critical apparatus and indices to this hitherto unpublished work. G. P. Quackenbos (Col. City of N. Y.) gives the text of The Mayūrāştaka, an unedited Sanskrit poem by Mayūra, with translation and notes, in JAOS., 31, 343-354. M. Bloomfield (Johns Hopkins), "Some Rig-Veda Repetitions" (JAOS., 31, 49-69; cf. last year); E. W. Hopkins (Yale); "Mythological Aspects of Trees and Mountains in the Great Epic" (JAOS., 30, 347--374), "Magic Observances in the Hindu Epic" (PAPS., 49, 29-40), "Buddha as Tathāgata" (AJP., 32, 205-209); A. V. W. Jackson (Columbia), "The possible Contribution of Oriental Thought to present-day Christianity" (The 27th Church Congress in the U. S., 96-105), "Brahmanism" (Randall and Smith's Unity of Religion, 29-37); S. G. Oliphant (Olivet), "Fragments of a lost MythIndra and the Ants" (PAPA., 41, lvlix); E. A. Welden, "The Sankhya term Linga" (AJP, 31, 445-459). L. Bloomfield (Illinois), in "The Indo-European Palatals in Sanskrit" (AJP., 32, 36-57) presents the theory that Indic spirantized the palatals less soon that did Iranian. F. Edgerton (Johns Hopkins) presents "A Modern Development of the Elliptic Dual" (KZ., 44, 23-25) in Romance dialects, continuing his previous studies (see last year). Oliphant on "The Vedic Dual" (JAOS., 30, 155185) shows that the dual of words denoting bodily parts is quite rigidly limited in use. T. Michelson (Smithsonian) continues his researches in the inscriptions of Asoka (TAPA., 40, 23-29; L. H. Gray (Columbia) gives the text of The Parsi-Persian Burj-Nāmah, or Book of Omens from the Moon (JAOS., 30, 336-342), with introduction and translation. Lydian. (See XXXIV, Epigraphy.) Suffixes and Etymologies.-H. H. Bender (Princeton) has treated from the phonetic standpoint The Suffixes -mant and -vant in Sanskrit and Avestan (Baltimore, 1910), and W. Petersen (Bethany Col., Lindsborg, Kas.), has given a semantic treatment of The Greek Diminutives in -LOV (Weimar, 1910); both are exhaustive and scholarly (see review by Edgerton, AJP., 32, 91-97). Edgerton has issued a splendid treatment, both phonetic and semantic, of The K-Suffixes in the Veda and Avesta (Leipzig, 1911, reprinted from JAOS., 31, 93-150, 296342; cf. also PAPA., 40, xxviii f.), and promises to continue his study of this suffix through the later Sanskrit literature. (Emory Col., Oxford, Ga.), in "The Termination -κbs, as used by Aristophanes for Comic Effect" (AJP., 31, 428-444) shows that this suffix was used by him mainly to ridicule the philosophers and sophists for excessive use of words with this suffix. C. W. Peppler E. H. Sturtevant (Barnard) continues his "Studies in Greek Noun Formation: Labial Terminations" (CP., 6, 197-215, 450-476; see last year). E. W. Fay (Texas) has recently been seeking (CP., 6, 315-324; AJP., 31, 404-427) to find the meaning of suffixes as separate words-a line of investigation that seems fruitful, though it will always remain highly conjectural. Etymologies are treated by Fay in CQ., 5, 119-122 (Baσiλeús), TAPA., 41, 25-53, JAOS., 31, 403-413; and in the articles just mentioned; by H. C. Tolman in PAPA., 41, lxx f.; and by R. G. Kent (Pennsylvania) in TAPĂ., 41, 5-9 (miles), JAOS., 31, 359-364. |