Greek and Latin (see also under work done by American Greek schol"Suffixes and Etymologies" and ars during the past year. "Etruscan," etc.)-H. Collitz (Johns Hopkins) as general editor of the Sammlung der griechischen Diatektinschriften has issued vol. IV, part 3 (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck, 1910), by O. Hoffmann (Breslau, Germany), containing grammar and index to the first half of vol. III. A. R. Anderson (Northwestern), in "Some Questions of Plautine Pronunciation" (TAPA., 40, 99-107), shows that Ŏ in older Latin after u and v was merely graphic for u, to avoid writing VV, which was ambiguous. Miss F. M. Bennett (Columbia), "The Duenos Inscription" (PAPA., 41, xxi-xxiv); R. W. Husband (Dartmouth), "The Diphthong -ui in Latin" (TAPA., 41, 19-23); W. A. Merrill (California), "On the contracted Genitive in i in Latin" (Univ. of Cal. Publ. in Class. Phil., 2, 57-79). Etruscan, etc.-(See also XXXIV, Epigraphy.) H. C. Tolman (Vanderbilt) proposes an Indo-Germanic etymology for "The Etruscan aisar, ais, alool" (PAPA., 40, lxxxviii f.). Husband, in "Race Mixture in Early Rome" (TAPA., 40, 63-81) shows that the language of the socalled Ligurian inscriptions is partly Keltic and partly non-Indo-Germanic, thus proving the Ligurians not IndoGermanic in language. In CP., 6, 385-401, he discusses the Gallic migrations into Italy. T. S. Denison, in The Morphology of the Mexican Verb (Chicago, 1910), seeks, as in previous publications, to prove the Mexican Indian language Indo-Germanic; but no value can be attached to his theories (cf. Fay's review, AJP., 31, 241 f., of an earlier pamphlet). BIBLIOGRAPHY ADAMS, Charles Darwin.-"Notes on the BOLLING, G. M.-"Homeric Armor and BONNER, Campbell.-"Dionysiac Magic and the Greek Land of Cockaigne." (Tr. A. P. A., XLI (1910), pp. 175185.) "The Prenuptial Rite in the Aetia of Callimachus." (Classical Philology, VI (1911), pp. 402-409.) BONNER, Robert J.-"The Administration of Justice in the Age of Homer." (Classical Philology, VI (1911), p. 12 ff.) BOTSFORD, G. W.-A History of the An cient World. (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1911.) BREITENBACH, H. P.-"The De Compositione of Dionysius of Halicarnassus considered with reference to the Rhetoric of Aristotle." (Classical Philology, VI (1911), p. 163 ff.) DEWING, Henry B.-"The Origin of the Accentual Prose Rhythm in Greek." (American Journal of Philology, XXXI (1910), pp. 312-328.) -"Hiatus in the Accentual Clausulae of Byzantine Greek Prose." (A. J. P., XXXII (1911), p. 188 ff.) Handbook of FAIRBANKS, Arthur.-· Greek Religion. (New York, The American Book Company, 1910.) FAY, Edwin W.-"Greek βασιλεύς." (Classical Quarterly, London, V, p. 119.) FLICKINGER, Roy C.-"The Influence of Local Theatrical Conditions upon the Drama of (Classical the Greeks." Journal, VII (1911), pp. 3-22.) GILDERSLEEVE, B. L., and MILLER, C. W. E.-Syntar of Classical Greck, Pt. II. (New York, The American Book Company, 1911.) GOLDMAN, Oresteia of Hetty. "The Aeschylus as Illustrated by Greek Vase Painting." (Harv. Studies, XXI (1910), p. 111 ff.) GOODELL, Thomas D.-"Structural Variety in Attic Tragedy." (Tr. A. P. A., XLI (1910), p. 71 ff.) HAINS, D. D.-"Greek Plays in America." (Classical Journal, vi (1910), p. 24 ff.) HARRY, Joseph Edward.-The Antigone of Sophocles. Translated into English verse. (Cincinnati, The Robert Clarke Co., 1911.) HASKINS, Charles H., and LOCKWOOD, Dean Putnam.-"The Sicilian Translators of the Twelfth Century and the First Latin Version of Ptolemy's Almagest." (Harv. Studies, XXI (1910), p. 75 ff.) HEIDEL, William Arthur.-"The avapμoi όγκο of Heraclides and Asclepiades." (Tr. A. P. A., XL (1909), pp. 5-21.) -"Antecedents of Greek Corpuscular Theories." (Harv. Studies, XXII (1911), pp. 111-172.) HEMPL, G.-"The Solving of an Ancient Riddle: Ionic Greek Before Homer." (Harper's Magazine, cXXII (1911), pp. 187-198.) HEWITT, Joseph William.-"The Necessity of Ritual Purification after Justifiable Homicide." (Tr. A. P. A., XLI (1910), pp. 99-114.) -"Major Restrictions on Access to Greek Temples." (Tr. A. P. A., XL (1909), pp. 83-91.) -see MATHER, M. W. HOSKIER, H. C.-Concerning the Versions of the New Testament. (London, B. Quaritch, 1910-1911, 2 vols.) HUTTON, Maurice.-"Notes on Herodotus and Thucydides." (Tr. A. P. A., XLI (1910), pp. 11-18.) JOHNSON, A. C.-A Comparative Study in Selected Chapters in the Syntax of Isaeus and the Attic Psephismata preceding 300 B. C. (Athens, Printing Office "Hestia," 1911.) Johns Hopkins University Dissertation. KELLER, William J.-"Xenophon's Acquaintance with the History of Herodotus." (Classical Journal, VI (1910), p. 252 ff.) MACURDY, Grace Harriet.-"Traces of the Influence of Plato's Eschatological Myths in Parts of the Book of Revelation and the Book of Enoch." (Tr. A. P. A., XLI (1910), pp. 6570.) MATHER, M. W., and HEWITT, Joseph P. A., XLI (1910), pp. 157-168.) MILLER, C. W. E.,-See GILDERSLEEVE, B. L MURRAY, A. T.-"On a use of AOKN." (Classical Philology, v (1909), p. 488 fr.) NORLIN, George.-"The Conventions of OGLE, M. B.-"Laurel in Ancient Religion and Folk Lore." (AJP., XXXI (1910), pp. 287-311.) "The House Door in Greek and Roman Religion and Folk Lore." (AJP., XXXII (1911), pp. 251-271.) PEASE, Arthur Stanley.-"The Omen of Sneezing." (Classical Philology, VI (1911), pp. 429-443.) PECK, Harry Thurston.-A History of Classical Philology from the Seventh Century B. C. to the Twentieth Century A. D. (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1911.) PEPPLER, Charles W.-"The Termination -κος as used by Aristophanes for Comic Effect." (AJP., XXXI (1910), pp. 428-444.) PERRIN, B.-Plutarch's Cimon and Pericles, with the Funeral Oration of Pericles, newly translated, with introduction and notes. (New York, Scribner's, 1910.) PETERSEN, Walter.-Greek in Diminutives -LOV: a Study in Semantics. (Weimar. R. Wagner Sohn, 1910.) PRESCOTT, Henry W.-"The Versus Inconditi of Pap. Oxyrhynch. 219." (Classical Philology, v (1909), p. 158 ff.) RAND, E. K.-"Horatian Urbanity in Hesiod's 'Works and Days.'" (AJP., XXXII (1911), p. 131 ff.) RANDOLPH, Charles Brewster.-"The Sign of Interrogation in Greek Minuscle Manuscripts." (Classical Philology, v (1909), p. 309 ff.) ROBINSON, David M.-"New Greek Inscriptions from Attica, Achaia, Lydia." (AJP., XXXI (1910, pp. 377403.) SCHAUROTH, Edward G.-"The vrouата of Greek Ships." (Harv. Studies, XXII, 1911, pp. 173-180.) SCOTT, John A.-"Two Linguistic Tests of the Relative Antiquity of the Iliad and the Odyssey." (Classical Philology, vi (1911), p. 156 ff.) -"Words found in the Iliad and in but One Book of the Odyssey." (Classical Philology, vi (1911), p. 48 ff.) -"Repeated Verses in Homer." (AJP., XXXII (1911), pp. 313-321.) -"Athenian Interpolations in Homer." (Classical Philology, VI (1911), pp. 419-428.) STUART, Duane Reed.-"The Prenuptial Rite in the New Callimachus." (Classical Philology, VI (1911), p. 302 ff.) STURTEVANT, E. H.-"Studies in Greek Noun Formation." (Classical Philology, v (1910), pp. 323 ff; vi (1911), p. 197 ff., 450 ff.) SUPER, C. W.-Plutarch on Education. (Syracuse, N. Y. C. W. Bardeen, 1910.) Use of λέξις TUKEY, Ralph Hermon. "The Stoic great importance to the student of and págs." Latin literature. The abstract in the Proceedings of the presidential address of Prof. B. L. Gildersleeve on the "Range and Character of the Philological Activity of America" deserves mention; it is well reinforced by the article of P. Shorey, on "American Scholarship," in The Nation for May 11, 1911. (Classical Philology, VI (1911), PP. 444-449.) WHITMORE, Charles E.-"On a Passage in Pindar's Fourth Nemean Ode." (Harv. Studies, XXI (1910), p. 103 f.) WRIGHT, Frederick Warren.-Studies in Menander. (Baltimore, The Waverley Press, 1911.) Princeton University dissertation. LATIN LITERATURE CHARLES KNAPP American work in Latin literature still consists mainly of articles in The American Journal of Philology (A. J. P.), Classical Philology (C. P.), the Transactions of the American Philological Association (T. A. P. A.), and in the volumes of studies published under the auspices of various universities. One book, E. G. Sihler's Annals of Caesar, a critical biography, comes within our field. In C. P., G. L. Hendrickson, in a paper entitled "Satura-the Genesis of a Literary Form," urges that, down to 40-30 B. C., the Latin word satura was either not in existence at all or at least not in common use as a designation of a form of literature, for the reason that, though Roman satire began with Lucilius, a long time elapsed before it claimed a place as a recognized and independent form of literature needing a specific name. Other papers making contributions in detail to the study and understanding of Latin literature are: "A Bibliography of Persius," by M. H. Morgan; "The Rhythmical Clausulae in Ammianus Marcellinus,” by A. M. Harmon, in Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and In T. A. P. A. for 1909, published in 1910, under the title "On Certain Euphonic Embellishments of Propertius," B. O. Foster treats rhyme, vowel repeated, alliteration, syllable repeated, word repeated or echoed, Sciences, XVI; "Vahlen's Ennius," onomatopoeia. On Propertius, again, see B. L. Ullman, "The Manuscripts of Propertius" (C. P.), and A. L. Wheeler's work on "Roman Elegy" (see below). In T. A. P. A., in "Lucilius and Persius," G. C. Fiske make Lucilius a source for Persius second in importance only to Horace. For a certain tendency of American scholarship see W. P. Mustard, in T. A. P. A., "On the [Latin] Eclogues of Baptista Mantuanus," a writer of the 15th century who knew Vergil well; the same writer's edition of Mantuanus's Eclogues; two papers in abstract in the Proceedings, bound with T. A. P. A., one by K. P. Harrington, "The Classical Element in 16th Century Latin Lyrics," the other by C. C. Bushnell, "Some New Material dealing with the Classical Influence on Tennyson." In the Proceedings, again, C. Knapp, in "The Dramatic Satura among the Romans," defends the Roman tradition concerning the dramatic satura, and promises to give to the subject the exhaustive treatment demanded by its by C. Knapp (A. J. P.), an elaborate examination of parts of the second edition of Vahlen's great book on Ennius; "The Origin of the Realistic Romance among the Romans," by F. F. Abbott (C. P.), an argument that the realistic romance was the invention of Petronius; "Concerning the Oratory of Brutus," by E. J. Philbey (Č. P.), an argument that in his Brutus Cicero does not correctly represent either Brutus's views on oratory or his oratorical style; "The House-Door in Greek and Roman Religion," by M. B. Ogle (A. J. P.), an effort to show that the cult connected with the door (e.g., binding the doorposts with wool, fastening on or near the door laurel, cypress, etc.), was concerned originally with the spirits of the dead; "Roman Prayer in its Relation to Ethics," by G. J. Laing (C. P.); "The Introduction of Masks on the Roman Stage," by Miss C. Saunders (A. J. P.), a good summary and examination of the available evidence and the views based upon it, reinforcing the view that the introduction was between 130 and 91 | METHODS OF INSTRUCTION IN B. C.; "Erotic Teaching in Roman Elegy" (Part II), by A. L. Wheeler (C. P.), which urges that the erotic system of teaching was already highly developed in the New Comedy of Athens and that the Roman elegists drew directly on that comedy; "The Identity of the Child in Virgil's Pollio (Eclogue IV), by J. E. Church, Jr., (C. P.); "The Convention of the Pastoral Elegy," by G. Norlin (A. J. P.), which illustrates the influence of the classics on modern pastoral poetry by pointing out conventions which recur in pastoral poetry from classical times to our own day. This tendency, rather common in America, to trace the influence of the classics on modern literature, especially English, is seen in the second edition of an excellent book, The Classic Myths in English Literature and Art, by C. M. Gayley. (See also Prof. Bushnell's paper, referred to above.) One book not directly concerned with literature proper but sure to prove indispensable to the earnest interpreter of early Latin literature is Syntax of Early Latin; Vol. I: The Verb, by C. E. Bennett (see reviews of it in C. P. by W. G. Hale, in A. J. P. by C. Knapp, in The Classical Weekly, by A: L. Wheeler). on Most important aid to the study of literature is supplied by adequate lexicons and indices verborum. The two important Latin lexicons which American scholars are engaged, the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae Epigraphicae, by G. N. Olcott, and Lexicon Plautinum, by G. Lodge (both professors in Columbia University) made progress; of the former 408 pages (into ara), of the latter 576 (into fabula) have now appeared. Most important for every student of Vergil is M. N. Wetmore's Index Verborum Vergilianus, of 554 pages (Yale University Press). An excellent idea of its value may be gained from the review of it by E. K. Rand (C. P.). The mention of this paper reminds one of Prof. Rand's "Horatian Urbanity in Hesiod" (A. J. P.), and, finally, of the fact that much excellent work in classical literature and philology is done by American scholars in reviews, especially in A. J. P. and C. P. LATIN AND GREEK GONZALEZ LODGE College Entrance Requirements.— The Chairman of the Commission on College Entrance Requirements, Prof. J. C. Kirtland,' reports 56 colleges and universities as having adopted the recommendations laid down in the report of Dec., 1909, and it is confidently expected that after the examinations of 1912, the old requirements will disappear from most college announcements. The modifications in the curriculum involved in this change have been thoroughly discussed by Prof. Kirtland, while Prof. G. Lodge has set forth the value of the oral method in this connection, and Prof. F. P. Moulton has discussed the methods of training in sight translation. Pres. E. D. M. Gray goes so far as to urge that Latin be taught as a modern language. Oral Teaching.-The rapid spread of the oral method in Great Britain and the interest which it is arousing among classical teachers is evidenced by the fact that a summer school of Latin, devoted primarily to the exemplification of this method, was held at the University of North Wales during the early part of September. At this school more than a hundred teachers were in attendance and the greatest enthusiasm was manifested. Several new English text-books setting forth this method have been published recently and the two most recent American elementary books likewise provide extensively for this kind of exercise. Value of Classical Training. The various Symposia of the Michigan Classical Conference have been issued in a single volume which constitutes the strongest, and at the same time the most representative, discussion of the claims of classical study to the earnest consideration of every cultivated man. Particularly important in this book are the discussions in regard to the value of classical training from the point of view of formal discipline and in preparation for the different learned professions. The same points are emphasized in different ways in articles by Prof. F. J. Donnelly,' Miss G. H. Goodale, Prof. J. K. Lord,' and Prof. Paul Shorey.10 Statistics of honor men among Dartmouth College students have been prepared by Prof. C. D. Adams," which show that the proportion of classical students who have obtained honors in science is very much greater than that of the distinctly science students, 54 per cent. to 20 per cent. Similar statements showing the same facts have been prepared by Prof. J. W. Hewitt1 with regard to students in Wesleyan University. He Training of Teachers.-The differences in the training of classical teachers in Germany and in the United States is the subject of an able article by Prof. Julius Sachs." shows that the fine quality and results of classical teaching in Germany are due to the large amount of knowledge and skill required of German students who expect to be teachers of the classics as well as to the fact that in Germany teaching in the schools is regarded as a life work by those who adopt it. Prose composition is discussed by A. L. Hodges," who maintains that undue emphasis should not be laid upon this branch of instruction and that the cultural element should not be lost sight of. Suggestions for stimulating the interest of students are provided in articles by Miss C. J. Allinson, Prof. F. S. Dunn and Prof. F. B. Meyer," while the enthusiasm of students themselves is shown in the prevalence of Greek plays, which continue to be given in a number of universities each year, and other representations of ancient life.. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. "The Consequents of the Commission's Report." (Classical Journal, VI. 330-342.) 2. "The Reconstruction of the Latin Course." (Educational Review, XL. 440-454.) 3. "The Oral Method of Teaching Latin." (Report of the National Educational Association, republished Classical Weekly, IV. 66-9.) 4. "Sight Tests: Their Aims and How to Prepare Them.” (Classical Journal, VI. 355-367.) 5. Latin in the Secondary School. (Albuquerque, Dec., 1910.) 6. Latin and Greek in American Education. (New York, Macmillan, 1911.) 7. "The Profit and Loss of Greek.” (America, April 22, 1911: reprinted in Classical Weekly, IV, 220-221.) 8. "The Classics and the Country Boy or Girl." (Classical Weekly, IV, 122127.) 9. "The Objects and the Results of the Study of Latin." (Classical Journal, VI. 233-243.) 10. "American Scholarship." May 11, 1911.) 11. "Greek and Science." 16, 1911.) (Nation, (Nation, Feb. 12. "The Efficiency of the Student of Greek." (Nation, Sept. 7, 1911.) 13. "The Training of the Teacher of the Classics in Germany." (Educational Review, XLI. 449-466,) 14. "What and Why in Greek and Latin Composition." (Classical Weekly, IV. 90-93.) 15. "Three Factors in Vitalizing the Study of the Classics." (Classical Journal, VI. 167-174.) 16. "The Historical Novel in the Class(Classical Journal, VI. 296 room." 304.) 17. Religion and Morality in High (Classical Weekly, School Latin." IV. 138-141.) 18. KIRBY, Harriet R.—“A Roman Tri clinium." (Classical Journal, VI. 260261.) MODERN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE GERMANIC LANGUAGES DANIEL B. SHUMWAY Interest in German and Scandinavian Literature.-Without doubt the most characteristic and significant feature of the year in the department of Germanic languages is the growing interest of the American public in German avian litera ture. This is evidenced not only by the many translations that have appeared, but still more so by the fact that a systematic effort is now being made to translate all the more important modern German authors into English. This monumental undertaking will consist of a series of 20 large volumes of over 500 pages each, under the title: The German Classics |