hindic.), neither

όλα ταῦτα, never

2, unless.

Iv và, before (fol unctive).

ává, 'over,' 'up,' 'in,' by; as

ȧvà σepàr, in a series.'

Xopis, without.'

With Genitive alone.

avri, 'instead of,' 'for.' aveu, 'without.'

EKTòs, έw, 'beyond,' 'without.'

èv, 'in' (never into).

πρὶν, πρὸ, 4 before.

ek, έ (before vowels), 'out 'from.'

With Dative alone.

ov (not common), ' with.'

With Genitive and Accusative.

Kaтà; Gen., against,' e. g. karà Tоû áveρúπov, 'against the ma Acc., according to,' 'by,' 'in,' e. g. κarà μépos, 'in par μετὰ, Gen., ‘with, e. g. μετὰ πολλῶν ἀνθρώπων, with ma men.'

Acc., 'after,' e. g. μetà todλàs ýμépas, ' after many days vπèp, Gen., 'for the sake of,' e. g. vñèρ éμoû, ' on my behalf.' Acc., 'over,' e. g. vжèρ тỳν пóλ, over the town.'

vπò, Gen., 'by,' e. g. vπ' èμoû, 'by me.'

Acc., under,' e. g. v' èuè, under me.'

άπò, 'from,' Acc. or Gen. without distinction of meaning, b colloquially with former.

Sià, Gen., 'with,' 'by means of,' e. g. Sià ToÚTOV, 'by th means.'

Acc., 'on account of,' 'for,' e. g. Sià ToÛTO, 'on th account.'

πeρì, Gen., ‘about,'' concerning,' e, g. πepì èμoû óμɩλovσw, ‘the are talking about me.'

Acc., 'round,' 'near,' e. g. Tepì què iσravrai, they ar standing round me.'

With Genitive, Dative, and Accusative.

éri, Gen., 'in the time of,' 'upon,' 'on,' e. g. è' èuoû, 'in m time,' ènì Ts Tраπéns, 'on the table.'

Acc., on to,'' up to,' e. g. ènì rò Teixos λe, he came u

to the wall.'

i account of,' 'over,' e. g. mì Ty dvσTUxía pov

pai, 'I wail over,' or 'bewail or the sake of,' e. g. Tрòs beоù! 'towards,' e. g. Tрòs auтòv

addition to,' besides,' e. g. pòs TOUTOLS, 'more this.

om (the part of),' e. g. πарà тоù vπоvруou, 'from inister.'

ng,' 'by the side of,' 'all but,'' short of,' e. g. τὸν ποταμόν, alongside the river ; τρεῖς παρὰ -ov, three all but a quarter,' i. e. 2.45; maр' epoveúon, he was all but killed.'

of Modern Greek is on the whole so like the few remarks will suffice.

to number the rules are the same as in English. person, the first person takes precedence of the second of the third, where there is more than The sentence: yù kai où per pagi, you and · σὺ καὶ αὐτὸς ἤλθετε μαζύ, you and he came regard to gender the masculine takes precedence in the case of animate, and the neuter in case of cts, e. g. ὁ πατὴρ καὶ ἡ μήτηρ του φαίνονται νέοι, mother seem young; οἱ κήποι, αἱ κοιλάδες καὶ cap xλoepú, 'the gardens, the valleys, and the in springtime.'

THE ARTICLE.

The definite article is commonly used with proper names, frequently left out after prepositions before names of places countries, as ἡ Ἑλλὰς εἶνε ἐλευθέρα, Greece is free, but πηγα eis 'Eλláda, 'I go to Greece.' It is also used where we sho omit it, with all abstract nouns, as aλnea, Truth,' pú 'Nature;' not, however, with prepositions or their equival case-endings, e. g. þúσel, Karà púow. It is commonly omit where we should use it, before a substantive which is a predica e. 3. ἡ Ἑλλὰς εἶνε πατρὶς τῶν Ἑλλήνων, Greece is the country the Greeks.' In other similar cases, however, the usage of t two languages coincides, e. g. ἡ νὺξ ἡμέρα ἔγεινε οι ἐγένετο, ‘t night became day.'

By means of the article, as in English, adverbs can be us as adjectives, as oi tóte ävlρwñol, 'the men of that time.' ( "the above words."

The article is often used alone, some substantive bei understood, as τὸ κατ' ἐμέ, “ as regards me;” τὰ τοῦ κόσμου, ‘t affairs of the world;' rv onμepov (μépav), ' the present (day)

Infinitives with the article (also the subjunctive with và) a used as substantives not subject to inflexion, e. g. tò ypáþew gò và yaouer, ‘ to write,’ ‘writing, genitive rou yaev, K.T.)

If it is desired to place the adjective after the substantive, th article must be repeated, e. g. ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ καλὸς or ὁ καλο ἄνθρωπος, the good man, not ὁ ἄνθρωπος καλός οι καλὸς ǎv0ρwños, either of which would mean 'the man is good.

The article admits of almost any number of words bein inserted between it and the substantive, e. g. тà кopolévтa τοῦ ζαχαροπλαστείου ἀφθόνως γλυκίσματα, ' the sweetmeats plent fully brought from the confectioner's.' In this respect th construction of Modern Greek closely resembles German.

The article is invariably used with the possessive pronouns except the substantive is either a predicate, or so indefinite tha in English it would require the indefinite article, e. g. å idɩkó

ve is also used to mark time both at which and though for the former the genitive and dative yed, e. g. Tv vÚKTα and VUKтós, by night,' TÒ mer, ἔζησεν ἐκατὸν ἔτη, he lived a hundred · τῇ) ἐπαύριον, on the following day (ἡμέραν -α). accusative is as common as in English, as oâs , 'I ask you (your) pardon.'

ive accusative is iliomatic, as ἔλαβε τοῦτο δώρον, a gift' (also dopeáv). N. B.-'He got this gift' τοῦτο τὸ δῶρου, as explained above.

of the accusative is what is called in ancient par excellence the Greek accusative, or accusative is quite common in colloquial Modern Greek, pá Tns, she suffered (in) her nerves.'

use of this case is so exactly like the English equivalent, objective of,' that we need only Employment with comparatives, c. g. peyaλnтepos pà éyó), 'greater than I.' Cf. Latin ablative -, ' from.'

-es, "from," rather than "of," would be the on in English. Ilapà, followed by the nomina