Whether it is proper to lead dentists to the belief that sodium fluoride is safe when reports that their 4-ounce bottles may contain enough fluorine to kill several adults have never been disproved on any basis?

11. Whether there have been deaths by suicide or other homicide from fluorine compounds, as a direct result of the needless, pointless, unjustified publication by officials of false information that fluorides are safe? How many? Where? 12. Whether their fluorine-for-all propaganda constitutes an open invitation to some psychotic individuals to commit criminal mischief?

13. Whether there had been since about 1928 or 1929 a gentlemen's agreement in our national news press that poisons when used for criminal mischief, such as suicide and murder, would not be named in newspapers and periodicals, and whether the press had not lived up to that agreement nearly 100 percent until the advent of USPHS nationwide propagandization for mass medication with fluorine?

Whether they in fact did not rely upon that known censorship, admitted by all to be in the public interest, as a principal point of control of the press and the press wire services, and whether they did not regard and try to use such cooperation in censoring the miserable facts of all fluorine compounds' toxicity as vital to the swift envelopment of the electorate in their scheme?

14. Whether when they had received timely warning of impending danger to themselves as well as to the entire American public, they heeded that warning as prudent men or whether they did not in fact retaliate with every means within their power and with some outside the scope of their lawful authority, such as incitement of rumors and the condonement of such rumors as accepted public-health methodology, to the effect that their opposers in the ranks of the professions and elsewhere were actuated by ulterior motives, such as inordinate desire for public notice and acclaim, for money, for religious beliefs which the context of those planted rumors showed the public officials held in greatest disrespect? And had they not shortly before criticized publicly those professional men who sought to warn them of the impropriety of their acts, by publishing critical analyses of those acts, under modest pseudonyms so as to avoid public preferment, for having written for publication under pen names?

Whether public health servants must always "take their half out of the middle," or whether there is any way to satisfy their greed for power to dominate their fellow men?

Whether their refusal to accept either of two diametrically opposed positions, as just described, both of which were designed to placate, but only enraged them with their continued rude disregard for polite requests to let our patients and ourselves alone and to leave us out of the orbit of their power, does not in fact indicate that their desire is to incite and provoke open violence?

Whether the every word and act of fluorine activists in a very large number of cities does not suggest to the people they have put in fear, and against whom they claim they have the present ability to carry out the acts they threaten and which in many cases they have carried out, that the only possible working result of those acts and words is a putting in fear and an incitement to breach of the peace?

15. Whether they instigated, or condoned and accepted as reputable "public health promotion," for which billions have been appropriated by recent Congresses, the use of libelous terms, such as the "crackpot" publications of Gerald Judy Cox, Ph. D., regarded by many, and possibly by himself as a principal initiator, and a one-time recipient of the bounty of Mellon fellowships, in Pennsylvania Dental Journal, 17: 279 (Dec.) 1950, republished internationally by ADA in February 1951 and thereafter, and from there applied orally in slanders and in uncounted printed libels over the widest areas, to stifle and coerce into silence all reasoned opposition?

Repeat foregoing examination in the case of Shirley Dwyer, D. D. S., a party to "Fourth Annual Conference," in re Manchester (N. H.) Union-Leader, June 13, 1951. This public health officer refers to the parents and relatives of the tender objects of his solicitude-when they disagree with him-as "the group suffering from starvation of mental ability (that) always feels that the other has something they envy and seek to detsroy. ***"

Repeat examination as to the editor of JADA, the Journal of the American Dental Association: whether he published the statement in the journal in their defense, and whether the libel was republished in a newspaper charging that the people themselves were "insane," and whether either the editor of JADA or USPHS civil servants made any effort to deny or to mitigate this or other

similar continuing libels, evidenced in publications over the length and breadth of the Nation?

Whether it is for such purposes the Congress grants $289 million for "Promotion of public health," and what relation have libel, slander, and vituperation to our health, in the estimation of the committee?

16. Whether they have seen and studied the published figures of Manning, showing that all the children of the United States under sane regimen of graded dosage could not possibly consume more than 100 pounds daily of fluorine as sodium fluoride, even if they were given measured doses 10 times the amount of tentative daily M. A. D. R. dosage for adults of any of the other "trace minerals"? (See the Springfield Union, December 24, 1953, minority report of Massachusetts Study Commission and two bills designed to define "fluoridation" as a criminal act; reprint attached.)

17. Whether they have noted, studied, accepted, refused, or replied to Manning's offer to supply the raw material for 1 year's fluorine medication or "feeding" for all children in the United States, as published in Mount Dora (Fla.) Topic, July 24, 1952, and hereby withdrawn with an offer to renegotiate the original offer directly with United States Public Health Service.

18. Whether they have noted, studied, accepted as true, or rejected Manning's appraisal of their "efficiency," based upon figures of their own "authorities," Armstrong and Brekhus (in Journal, Dent. Res. 17; p. 27, 1938). The difference in fluorine content reported therein to be 69 parts per million in the enamel of "poor" teeth, and 111 parts per million in enamel of "good" teeth or a net "deficiency" of 42 parts per million proposed to be added to presently poor teeth to obtain good teeth, the difference to be made up by fluoridation of public water supplies.

(Whether any explanation by United States Public Health Service is due, concerning what their crystal ball reveals will happen to the bodies of "the percentage of children" who are statictically recognized as destined for good teeth, and for whom, by their own hypothesis, any medication is overmedication.) (NOTE: In Granite State News, XC, 9 (March 2) 1951, Prof. R. S. Harris noted that "spectrographic analyses have shown that many healthy teeth do not contain fluorine," which refutes the entire hypothesis of fluoridation since if one perfect tooth can be formed without any fluorine whatever, it follows that all teeth can be perfect without fluorine.)

The basis for computing the actual quantity of fluorine, "laid down and installed on the job," and the proper cost of same, f. o. b. the chemical warehouse, using the figures of Armstrong and Brekhus, was published by Manning in Holyoke (Mass.) Transcript-Telegram, February 28, 1951, page 20, showing that in 1 year all of the children of America, even granting that all had poor teeth, which is by no means true, although the United States Public Health Service work on human experimental subjects assumes it could utilize less than one-half pound of elemental fluorine.

Basic facts needed for computation are:

Population of the United States, about 160 million.

Children of "fluorinatable age" not over 25 percent of above, or 40 million. Weight of enamel of adult teeth, plus 4 grams.

Added fluorine proposed, 42 parts per million.

Florine in sodium fluoride, nineteen-forty-seconds of gross weight of NaF. Grams in avoirdupois pound, 453.592.

Market price of NaF.

19. Whether in fact, with the utter loss of all controls such as might have served for comparative findings had they been properly managed, the committee will decide, or leave to the Attorney General, the degree of culpability of the principals involved in the disgraceful episode recounted in the infantile language of excuse and avoidance, at page 1500, paragraph 7, of part of the select committee hearings (chemicals in food products, etc., 82d Cong., 2d sess.). Whether it was in fact true, as alleged under oath, that "They felt they wanted the water fluoridated, so it is being fluoridated, and so we have lost it as a control. But we certainly want to go back each year and do reexaminations." 20. Who were the "they" who "felt" they wanted "fluoridation"? Who so gentle in USPHS as to give in so readily to what "they felt"? Who will do the reexaminations at Muskegon-and why? Surely not for the purpose of quantitative measurements; those are now rendered impossible throughout America, as is well known to the social anthropologists; then for what reason other than dollars and domination?

21. Whether civil servants regard themselves as immune to personal liability merely because they hold Government jobs?

Whether civil servants regard the billions of dollars, billions of windmill words, billions of lost labor-hours, invested by all parties in interest, as an achievement, or as unconscionable waste?

22. Whether the intrusion of preventive medicine into water supply management with 50,000 tons of sodium fluoride annually was a wise and prudent move or a dangerous precedent?

23. Whether fluoridation is not in fact a three-pronged attack, gleefully watched by the enemies of America:

1. To secure a legal precedent once more which was lost some centuries ago, with prescriptive rights in and to the body of the citizen,

2. To obtain the therapeutic and toxicological effects, be they good or bad, of the drug of choice, and

3. To divide the unity of our people in the most critical hour of our history? 24. Whether, even though the first two objects were halted, by passage of H. R. 2341, the third prong of the fluorine assault has not struck deeply-whether this was foreseen at any stage of the attempt and by whom it was foreseen-and with what proper action by him or them, if any?

25. Whether there is one single subversive or enemy agent or indoctrinated fellow traveler who is not head over heels "in favor of fluoridation," as the expression goes? Whether this is because he has been ordered to endorse the scheme?

26. Whether the storage of multiton lots of compounds of fluorine, the essential ingredient of the nerve gas which all nations fear but which several are stockpiling, in ill-defended areas adjacent to main aqueducts of great water supplies, is wise and prudent, or foolhardy and criminal to a degree never before attained in history?

Respectfully submitted.

PAUL MANNING, D. M. D.

SUPPLEMENTARY STATEMENT BY PAUL MANNING, IN SUPPORT OF H. R. 2341

The emergency character of the national situation fomented by illegal claims of right on the part of public health employees to select by purely arbitrary means large numbers of human experimental subjects for fluorine research and treatment raises severe problems of how the public interest may be reinstituted after the period of neglect and active dissipation which that interest suffered while the great conquest was in its upsurge.

It is now well established by what has been said here and elsewhere that massive fluorine therapy, as comprised in the series of representations and overt acts called by the daft and wilfully fraudulent title of "fluoridation of public water supplies," has nothing whatever to do with the practice of medicine or any of its specialists, either of the private practice variety or publichealth blend, nor has it anything to do with any economical administration of totalitarian medicine, the last having been shown by the series of simple arithmetical examples given above and published elsewhere, and put in the hands of the committee, by Manning.

When it was found that the acts, as based upon claims of right, comprising the astonishing title of fluoridation did not conform to any of the accepted medical practices then existing or to any of the minimum standards of law, while it did contain all the elements of assault and battery, it was clear the term required a formal definition.

A definition was first evolved by Manning out of the facts of massive fluorine therapy as the practice was introduced by employees of USPHS:

"Fluoridation means the experimental mass medication of total populations by the impregnation of entire water supplies of whole communities with metallic compounds of fluorine incapable of being assimilated as food, under conditions of duress, without cessation, or reasonable chance of escape."

When first published in the Springfield Union of March 16, 1951, the word "experimental" was intentionally omitted from the definition-although it was clearly required on the facts-to invite the officers of those professions most deeply involved in sanctioning and promoting the arbitrary selection of vast numbers of human beings for medical research and treatment with insidiously poisonous fluorine compounds to reconsider, and then repudiate and denounce their unwarranted aggression against the patients and family of the petitioner,

at such time as their moral reawakening might indicate to them the mistake they had made (as I then supposed it to be; however, at about that time it became clear that this was no idle mistake on the part of that hard core of fluorine therapists whose premeditated designs were clearly subject to review by the wealth of legal talent which we knew the Government bureaus involved in the massive fluorine impressment possessed).

It is now history that those professional groups, as groups alone, and always with notable exceptions among the individuals composing them, constantly and with hard obstinacy in the face of repeated warnings diligently pursued, refused to recognize that any consideration outside the pale of dialectic materialism held any regulatory value upon their conduct. If it was the design of such a course of group conduct to "lead us to the very death of brotherly love," through "all the gruff commands, all the unconditional obedience, all the chilly ways of bureaucracy," as the parallel induction of unwilling and unwitting human subjects in concentration camps of Nazi Germany was seen to have done (see appendix: Doctors of Infamy, v. s., p. 165) the reason for that sad state may be read in the definition given above.

When the fluorine-for-all madness was first set in motion by its initiators of the USPHS, the dental profession, for example, held a position in the public regard, consisting of respect and good will in a degree never approached in the history of the world, except, perhaps, in the case of certain members of the clergy and isolated cases of royalty.

Consider the fact that on the mere dictum of dentists who mouthed the statements of their politically chosen officers to the effect that this "was a good thing and ought to be tried," or that it was "a conclusively proven boon to little children" and therefore must be "inflicted as a benefit," large numbers of groupers-heads of organizations relied upon by all propagandists of group controlreiterated their statements without so much as lifting a finger to verify the worth of the claims. No other profession can make that claim. But the respect and good will which the elected and appointed leaders of dental and medical groups held in trust at the onset of the fluorine impressment has undergone a change; in some places it is entirely dissipated, as to the dental and medical groups, although, again, the individuals who by their regular and upright conduct have avoided the blame which attached to their less prudent brethren are still respected as individuals, though the part of their prestige which was appurtenant to the group is gone for the time being and the hour of its return is unpredictable. That respect and good will which the dental profession possessed in 1949 was not the product of the present generation of dentists, nor wholly of their immediate predecessors, but was a fund built up by temperate and prudent conduct over a period of more than 100 years. It was a fund held in trust, bequeathed by all honest men in the modest accumulations of their lifetimes of forthright and considerate dealing. It has been squandered by spendthrifts who did not even receive one jot of benefit from their spendthrift acts; like worthless stock certificates, the swindle sheets of fluorine promotion gave not even the pleasure of a justifiable spree to those who in reckless extravagance spent what was not theirs to spend.

All the foregoing applies only to the artifice called by skilled propagandists of the United States Public Health Service group action and opinion control in groups, and not at all to the very many members of my profession who without fear of the cost to themselves have openly or covertly opposed as far as lay within their power the designs of the young soviets of public health. The number of these true gentlemen is so large that a list of their names is impossible here; it is far more appropriate to inform the committee that under proper privilege these men can be introduced to the committee's investigators, upon proper assurances that in so doing the opposers of the fluorine swindle will not be subjected to the kind of reprisal which is a matter of public record in more than one city, at the hands of public-health employees or their cohorts who happen to occupy power positions, for merely having attempted (in some cases unsuccessfully) to protect their patients against chemical rape; and if any of these kind friends choose to endorse this statement or any part of it and exclude the rest, may they be permitted to do so by the committee.

Last of all, I wish to bring to the attention of the committee, if possible, the small part which my personal experience has brought to bear upon the problem of forceful attempts to induct peaceable people into medical experimentation and treatment for which they have antipathy. It began as a strictly scientific study when in the years about 1915 to 1922 and thereafter I investigated the

electrochemistry of the human mouth. The results were published as listed on the cover page of this statement and possibly in a few other journals, including the Pacific Dental Gazette.

Fluorine is the most extremely electronegative of all the elements. This means that in a circuit of electrical flow fluorine will be cathodal toward any other element. That means that fluorine can never be anodal toward any other element. In brief, fluorine when immersed in an electrolyte, like the human saliva, will always be in a potential position to receive ions of other elements, but will not give up ions (permanently at least) to other elements. The cathode in an electrical circuit is always on the receiving end-that is, negative, and the position toward which ions flow-while the anode is on the giving-up end, or positive end, and undergoes loss of ions, or erosion. This is common knowledge among electroplaters, such as electrotypers.

The human saliva, being a workable electrolytic solution, supports electrolysis, electrophoresis, and all manifestations of electrical action. In one side of the electrolytic process going on in the mouth, slowly but fairly constantly under some conditions, ions transferred out of the solution of solids called the saliva are often, though not always, due to modifying conditions, laid down upon tooth surfaces by electrodeposition, in just the same way that stain is deposited out of solution in a coffeepot, requiring regular scouring to keep it free of the deposits. When this occurs it is called salivary calculus or tartar.

Tartar is electrically deposited on some teeth, and on some more than on others. The reverse process is present at times, in which the teeth clearly take on an anodal character, losing mass and leading to the condition described as a disease condition called dental caries or tooth decay. The process is measurable. The process can be set up artificially, not only by a dentist but by anybody who chooses, of his own free will, to place a pure silver band about the neck of a tooth and leave it there. When such a silver band is allowed to remain about a tooth for a period of but a few weeks, an artificially produced lesion of dental caries occurs beneath and around the silver band, thus one of the basic requirements of proof of responsibility of a causative agency for a disease, in this case the disease of dental caries, is satisfied.

This is not a new observation, the recorded source of it is given in the papers cited, on Electrobiolytic Theory of Dental Caries, which indicate not only the actual physical means by which mass is reduced in caries but also show the reverse process of tartar deposition to be due to the operation of the same physical forces.

If the process of electrobiolysis observed in dental caries could be reversed, by chemical or drug or other devices, Manning reasoned, it might be possible to stop dental caries or avert it. The electrochemistry of the mouth having been verified to the investigator's satisfaction, a search for a reagent which would combine readily with tooth structure was begun, and it was no great time until fluorine was found to be both readily combinable out of one of its compounds with tooth structure, either the enamel or the inner structures of the tooth, and also to afford that altered tooth substance a cathodal quality, from which, in both theory and practice, loss of mass, as in dental caries, was not only impracticable but did not occur.

But it was also found that sodium fluoride when applied to either the cementum (root covering) or dentin (inner portion of tooth) rapidly and thoroughly and permanently deprived the tooth of all sensory nerve response. This presented a grave hazard, and immediately a promising discovery was rendered so dangerous as to warrant its suppression. But when events are in the making such matters are given up reluctantly, if at all, and as a consequence Manning started with animal experimentation to determine, against a day when the serious nervepoisoning properties of sodium fluoride might possibly be subdued or circumvented, those two conditions precedent to the commercial exploitation of any drug which lay upon the hand of the medical innovator the heaviest of obligations. Those two conditions precedent to commercial exploitation of all drugs are: 1. The determination of a minimum lethal dose of the drug, with reference to units of body weight, to be ascertained over a wide range of experiments on warm-blooded animals of widest range of body weight, variety, and species. arranged in series.

Without such knowledge no drug should be introduced into commerce; the USPHS employees know it, you know it at least instinctively, and I know it and abide by it.