cottage of an old woman I said to her, "As I have got a cold I must protect my mouth from the fog"; to which she replied, "Quite right, sir, when the weather's rauky, and it's wonderful rauky this morning." This was in Rutland, but in a parish adjacent to Lincolnshire. The word might be derived from "raw," as applied to weather, but I have written it "rauky" thinking that it may come from raucus, signifying unpleasant, catchcold weather, that might make a person hoarse.

CUTHBERT BEDE.

PORTRAIT OF BISHOP SAMUEL SEABURY (6th S. v. 208). The following is copied from a little book on William Sharp, engraver, by W. S. Baker, published in Philadelphia in 1873 :

"The Right Reverend Samuel Seabury, D.D., Bishop of Connecticut, after Thomas Spence Duché, published in 1786, is of interest as being the portrait of the first Protestant Episcopal Bishop of the United States, painted by the son of the Reverend Jacob Duché, so well remembered for his course during our revolutionary struggle. The Bishop, a half-length in robes, is standing with his left hand extended. as if speaking, while his right rests easily on a closed Bible placed on some rocks, the background being made up of a landscape. It is executed in Sharp's best manner, and is a splendid specimen of portrait engraving."

The print was published by T. S. Duché at the Asylum, Lambeth, and J. Phillips, George Yard, Lombard Street, April 20, 1786.

An artist named Duché de Vancy lived at 168, Piccadilly, in 1784, and exhibited six domestic subjects in that year at the Royal Academy. As the date nearly tallies with the painter of the above portrait, this may refer to the same painter.

ALGERNON Graves.

"THE WHOLE DUTY OF MAN" (5th S. viii. 389, 515; ix. 99, 176; 6th S. iv. 235; v. 52, 99, 258). -With regard to the authorship of this book, it is undoubtedly the work of Dorothy, daughter of Thomas, Lord Coventry, Keeper of the Great Seal, and wife of Sir John Pakington, Bart. (born 1620), of Westwood, Worcestershire, where the room in which she wrote the book is still shown, and where, I believe, the manuscript is preserved. She was said to be the most accomplished person of her sex for learning, and the brightest example of her age for wisdom and piety, although so modest that she would not claim the honour of the authorship, which may, perhaps, account for its being attributed to various divines, friends of hers. She was the ancestress of the present Baron Hampton. F. E. M. D.

Another of your correspondents, who states he has two works by the author of The Whole Duty of Man, does not throw much light on the vexed question, Who wrote The Whole Duty of Man? The books he names are common enough, and may be bought for a mere trifle at any bookstall. There is an edition in folio of all the works of the

author of The Whole Duty of Man. I had a fine tall copy, but was glad to dispose of it for a song. Lady Pakington seems to have fair claim to the authorship of these somewhat "dry" performances. See Chambers's Biographical Illustrations of Worcestershire. O. L. CHAMBERS.

Headingley, Leeds.

MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS: THE COLOUR OF HER HAIR (6th S. iv. 485; v. 114, 218, 231, 295).In Erdeswick's Survey of Staffordshire, Harwood, 1844, at p. 533 is this note:

"In Hayne's State Papers, p. 511, Mary, when a alluring grace, a pretty Scottish speech, a searching wit, prisoner at Tutbury, was a goodly personage; bath an with great mildness. Her hair of itself is black; but Mr. Knolls told me that "she wears hair of sundry colours.""" W. F. MARSH JACKSON. "BRED AND BORN (6th S. iv. 68, 275; v. 77, 112, 152, 213).-ST. SWITHIN is too sharp upon us. At all events, so far as I am concerned, the discussion has nothing to do with pedantry or with feeble-mindedness. Prof. Earle had stated that people say bred and born" when they ought to say "born and bred," and that they do so "solely" because the sound of the former, the less reasonable order, pleases them better. But as it has been clearly shown that there is a true and reasonable meaning in the order "bred and born," the professor's illustration falls to the ground. Those who take the phrase genealogically, tracing back the life step by step, still show that this is the true order. To these, however, I would point out that we say, "He lived and died," and not "He died and lived."

W. C. B.

Surely bred must be the correct word to take precedence in the above proverb or phrase. We frequently speak of some peculiarity in an individual as being "bred in the bone." When we speak of cattle, horses, &c., as also we sometimes do of the human race, as being "well bred," we undoubtedly do not refer to their education, but latter word convey to my mind any analogy to to their antecedent breeding; neither does the education, which is, I suppose, what is meant when we say of any one that he or she has been D. G. C. E. well brought up.

THE GAMES OF CHESS AND TABLES (6th S. v. 143, 255).—I would have added nothing to what other correspondents have said, but finding that the authority of Johnson is adduced for "tables= draughts," would say that I think that no instance to prove this can be found. The phrase is frequent in Elizabethan literature, but, so far as I know, wherever its meaning is indicated by the context, it is shown to be backgammon. Moreover, "in your tables," and the like, is still in ordinary use

quarian crux, though we agree with Mr. Nicholls in having no faith in Richard of Cirencester. The author has benefited by Mr. Coote's learned works, but we cannot accept all his conclusions deduced therefrom. For how many centuries the original girdle of the town sufficed is not quite clear, but in the twelfth century Bristol had spread into the surrounding marshes, and afterwards Lord Berkeley's vill of Redcliff, bidding fair to be a dangerous rival, was taken in. Then a semicircle of monasteries sprang up on the northern side, giving rise to those suburbs where, after the Reformation, the city merchants took up their abode.

"Go, little book," &c. These lines are in the last stanza, Southey's Lay of the Laureate.

Miscellaneous:

"L'Envoy," of W. A. G.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. Bristol: Past and Present. An Illustrated History of Bristol and its Neighbourhood. By J. F. Nicholls, F.S.A., Chief Librarian of the Bristol Free Libraries, and John Taylor, Librarian to the Bristol Museum and Library. (Bristol, J. W. Arrowsmith.) THERE have been several histories-twelve, we believe of the interesting capital of the west of England, all dry and prosy and matter-of-fact, written only for the antiquary, and now casually referred to by the curious. The present work owes a good deal to them, is better than them in many ways, but will not supersede at least two of them. The intention was a popular book, and, as such, Bristol: Past and Present must be considered, being a successful provincial copy of Old and New London, and the speculation of an enterprising printer and publisher of Bristol which does him credit. Old and New London, however, is an historical description; Bristol: Past and Present a descriptive history-at least, Mr. Nicholls's portion.

Two sections-each a goodly quarto volume-have now been completed; one, devoted to the civil history of the city, written by Mr. Nicholls, the other, to the ecclesiastical history, by Mr. Taylor. Another volume on "Modern Bristol" is in progress. Remembering that the authors had to write a popular book similar to Old and New London, we can say that they have done their work well, and written a most readable, realistic, and picturesque narrative of the stirring events in the annals of this ancient city. Of course no great amount of original or special research is evident, and to any one more critical than the general reader the work may not be quite so satisfactory. The old-fashioned histories were not much better, and we cannot call to mind any history of a city or town as an example of the scholarship, criticism, and patient labour which the subject really requires. London has no adequate history.

Mr. Nicholls has fortunately not given up quite so much of his book to discussing the remote origin of Bristol as his prosy predecessor Mr. Seyer, but still he has gone fully into the uncertain question of the alleged Roman origin of the town. He speculates and affirms; we have tested, and feel inclined to deny that he has made out his case. Nevertheless the site of Bristol is just such as the Romans would have chosen, and it seems set out in their military method; but the curvilinear form of the circumvallation would indicate a late date of this occupation. No Roman road has been with any certainty traced to Bristol, and the fourteenth Iter of Antoninus will, we fear, always remain an anti

the Conquest, except that coins show that Knut had a mint here. Roger of Howden asserts that Athelstan had one before him; but this has not been confirmed by any find. We think Mr. Nicholls was quite justified in briefly alluding to those great historical events which affected all the larger towns of the kingdom, as well as in giving in more detail those which were more local and concerned Bristol folks more especially, though they neither took place nor originated there, such, particularly, as the war between Stephen and the Empress Maud and the events of the last year of the sad reign of Edward II. Bristol owed a great deal to the ultimate outcome of the former struggle-more, we think, than Mr. Nicholls admits. With the patronage of Henry II. and the munificence of the Earl of Gloucester and of the founder of the Berkeley family, Bristol was assisted to become in a very short time the second or third town in the kingdom. It was one of the very few great towns of medieval England which could boast of several parish churches, and is the only one besides London which has preserved its vitality undiminished to the present day. York, even, has somewhat lost rank, though not dignity; so have Exeter, Canterbury, and Norwich. Liverpool and Manchester have eclipsed Chester. We feel that Mr. Nicholls has hardly realized what constituted an ancient borough, or that the provost was a fiscal officer appointed by the Crown or by the earl. The continued prosperity of Bristol was owing, after the discovery of a new hemisphere, to the timely extension of its maritime trade by its own adventurous merchants and the hardy and intrepid mariners and navigators, not entirely homebred, which they had the foresight to employ.

The second volume of Bristol: Past and Present is entitled "Ecclesiastical History," and is written by Mr. Taylor, the author, if we mistake not, of A Book about Bristol, which was full of original research recounted in quaint but suitable language. We recognize the same style again here. The writer is on his own especial ground in ecclesiastical matters, and the subjects he takes up have been treated by him extremely well. Naturally, however, writing for the general public and a limit as to space, has restricted him in many ways, but we do not think he has always used his materials quite judiciously.

After an "Introductory Sketch," the "ecclesiastical parentage" of Bristol, which from the remotest times down to the Reformation was in the diocese of Worcester, Mr. Taylor takes successively the cathedral and the various parish churches, and briefly notices the modern churches, together with the Roman Catholic and dissenting chapels. He gives ample extracts from the quaint ancient parochial records, accounts, and inventories, which we are afraid are enjoyed more by us than the "ordinary" reader, although a general interest in archæology is one of the most hopeful signs of the times.

The churches of Bristol, both numerous and interesting, were mostly rebuilt in the Perpendicular period, thus indicating overflowing wealth at that time. The period of the greatest prosperity of any town can be seen

at once by the style of the architecture of its churches and monumental buildings. The writer has hardly done justice to Redcliff Church, certainly the noblest "parish" church in England; but it is doubtful if even that is a correct designation, as until lately it was only a chapel to Bedminster.

We must not forget to note that the work is well and amply illustrated, the views given of many of the old half-timber houses, which are so fast disappearing, being specially valuable on that account.

Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan. By Toru Dutt. With an Introductory Memoir by Edmund W. Gosse. (Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.)

THE author of these poems, as we are told by Mr. Gosse, who seems to be fast becoming a sort of master of the ceremonies to Parnassus, was a young Hindu lady born at Calcutta in 1856. She came to Europe in 1869, spent some time at a French pension, and afterwards attended the lectures for women at Cambridge. Four years after she returned to Bengal, and four years later still she died. But in this brief life she had already achieved much work of great promise. Her first book, A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields, consisted of a number of translations in English from French poets; and after her death was published a novel in French, called Le Journal de Mlle. d'Arvers, a tragical story, but distinguished by remarkable vigour of treatment. In her last legacy, the volume now given to the public, she appears to have been returning to ground more favourable to her genius than translations, or studies of modern French society, namely, the myths and traditions of Hindustan. Here was a fresh field, from which Fate permitted her to reap but a tiny harvest. The stories of Savitri, Jogadhya Uma, Buttoo, and the rest, only make more poignant the regret that the authoress could not have continued to chronicle, with added mastery of English verse, the legends of her land. The essentials-sentiment and atmosphere were native to her; what she lacked time and practice would have brought. There is no sadder

relic of an unfulfilled renown than this volume of Toru Dutt's.

Buddha and Early Buddhism. By Arthur Lillie, late Lucknow Regiment. (Trübner & Co.)

A RELIGION to all appearance without a God; a hope of immortality which, as we understand the term, is no immortality, but rather, as many interpreters read Nirvâna, simply extinction or annihilation; a system of vicarious prayer and recitation of sacred books by means of the unique inventions of the Prayer-Wheel and Scripture-Wheel; a religion which, nevertheless, contains within it many points of curious resemblance to Christianity, with its asceticism, its monasteries, its abbots, its monks, its nuns, even, it has been said, its pope, in the person of the Dalai Lama of Thibet; with a detachment from the things of this world, which is in some instances so marked as to have profoundly impressed Christian observers of the system-such are some, but only some, of the salient features of that Buddhism to which Mr. Lillie invites our attention.

We quite believe that Buddhism is worth the most careful attention we can give it. The very contradictions of the system, whether real or apparent, are full of matter for thought and research. Much of the chronology of the sources upon which we partly depend for our knowledge of it is still uncertain. Legends of the life of the Buddha, which are said to have influenced Christian theology, or, at least, to have entered into Christian church legends, have yet to be fixed to a positive date. We must confess that the supposed identity with the story of Buddha of the legend of the Eastern Saints Barlaam and Josaphat, which is gene

rally stated to be derived from the " Lalita Vistara," does not appear to us at all adequately proved. In its Armenian form, indeed, we see nothing to prove the case, independently of any question as to the date of the "Lalita Vistara" itself, on which we incline to share Mr. Lillie's doubts. What we agree with least in Mr. Lillie's investigation of early Buddhism is his masonic theory, if we may so call it. Apart from that, we believe him to have done good service in bringing out the claims to consideration rightly belonging to Northern Buddhism. We hope we have not seen the last of Mr. Lillie as one zealously turning the wheel of the law, and setting forth the merits of the jewel of the lotus.

IT is with sincere regret that we record the death of our old correspondent Sir Henry Cole, K. C.B., which took place on Tuesday last.

MR. WILLIAM RIDLER, well known to purchasers of old books, has become the possessor of the Pulteney Correspondence, which had some claim to be considered the gem of the Ouvry collection. This consists of the correspondence of Sir James Murray Pulteney relating to the period of the battle of Waterloo. Nearly two thousand manuscript letters and documents, public and private, by members of the royal family, distinguished statesmen, soldiers, &c., are arranged alphabetically, with MS. titles, in thirty-three folio scrap-books-uniformly bound by Rivière. This collection, the historical value of which cannot easily be over estimated, should be acquired by one of our great public libraries. The binding and classification alone seem likely to have cost more than the price (one hundred guineas) which is demanded for the set.

being transcribed for the Harleian Society. They abound THE old registers of St. James's, Clerkenwell, are now in interest, since, during the sixteenth and seventeenth that parish. The registers may possibly be printed by centuries, many persons of importance were resident in the society next year.

AN account of the earliest industrial census will appear in the next number of the Antiquary. Mr. Phillips Bevan, the writer, has compared it with subsequent returns, so as to show the numbers of persons following certain trades. This first census was made in Paris in 1292,

Notices to Correspondents.

W. L.-The chapel of Lincoln's Inn was consecrated in 1623, having been built from designs by Inigo Jones, who is said to have estimated the cost at 2,0001.

Dorset ").-See "N. & Q.." 4th S. xii. 492; 5th S. i. 50, E. V. ("Monumental Brass in Bere Regis Church, 117, 154, 176, 199, 231, 257, 296, 335.

E. M. H. B.-You have not complied with our rule as to sending name and address.

TINY TIM.-The discovery about the elephant is not

new.

CORRIGENDA.-P. 269, col. 1, 1. 4 from top, for camer "read eamer. for "Francis Haw Hawis" read Francis Hawis. P. 294, col. 1, 1. 20 from bottom,

NOTICE.

Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries'"-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, 20, Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C.

We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception.