raisins or dried grapes. The same word is used in 2 Samuel vi. 19, in 1 Chronicles xvi. 3, and in Hosea iii. 1. In each case the Authorized Version has a flagon, or flagons, of wine (a marginal rendering in the last suggesting the rather unintelligible "flagons of grapes"). In each case the true meaning is a cake, or cakes, of compressed raisins. The reviving power of dried fruit is well known, and an instance of it is mentioned in 1 Samuel xxx. 12, when such was given to the Egyptian lad who fell into the hands of David whilst pursuing the Amalekites. In the passage in Hosea where the same expression is used it seems to refer to cakes of dried fruit used in idolatrous feasts. W. T. LYNN.

Blackheath.

Prof. Lee says of the word rendered flagons, "What it was no man can now say particularly. It probably was a sort of cake soaked either in honey or wine"; and he refers to 2 Samuel vi. 19, and to the Targum of Jonathan on Exodus xvi. 31. Dr. Adam Clarke, in loco, has a curious note:

"I believe the original words mean some kind of cordials with which we are unacquainted. The versions in general understand some kind of ointment or perfumes. I suppose the good man was perfectly sincere who took this for his text, and, having repeated, 'Stay me with flagons, comfort me with apples, for I am sick of love,' sat down, perfectly overwhelmed with his own feelings, and was not able to proceed."

San Remo.

G. L. FENTON, M.A.

NISHAN-I-IMTIAZ (6th S. iv. 512).—This order of merit was instituted by the late Sultan Abdul

Aziz in 1865. The first class was conferred on the late Lord Dalling (Sir H. Bulwer) and some few others, but no second or third class. Under the present Sultan it was last year revived.

H. C. DIVIDING COPY (6th S. iv. 510).-The first edition of James Harrington's Common-wealth of Oceana was printed at three presses. The title bears the date 1656. The "Epistle to the Reader" contains the following statement :—

"If this writing be not acceptable, here is already enough and too much of it, but if it be, it is but a rough draught; for I have not been yet two years about it, nor ever saw all or halfe my Papers together: and now in the bringing them to light they have been dispersed into three Presses, where, because I could not be present at them all, I was present at none."

Bottesford Manor, Brigg.

EDWARD PEACOCK,

WHIG AND TORY_(6th S. iv. 403).-In connexion with MR. HAILSTONE's note on this subject, I transcribe in extenso the title of a curious book (small folio), which opens by a Tory accosting a Whig and demanding his purse. The term Tory had only three or four years before the date of this book been introduced; and the word

doubtless still retained its early Irish meaning, and it was therefore quite characteristic and fitting for a Tory to open a dialogue with such a sinister demand :

"The History of Whiggism, or, The WhiggishPlots, Principles, and Practices, (Mining and Countermining the Tory- Plots and Principles) | in | The Reign of King Charles the First, du- I ring the Conduct Minions and | Favourites, Buckingham, Laud, I and Strafof Affaires, under the In- | fluence of the Three great ford; | And the Sad Forre-runners and Prologues to that Fatal-year (to England and Ireland) | 41. | Wherein (as in a Mirrour) is shown the Face of the Late (we do not say the Present Times. | Eccles. 3. 5 [quoted] E. Smith, at the Elephant and Castle in Cornhill. 1682.' Lege Historiam, ne fias Historia. London, printed for The date of extract from the Rev. Oliver Heywood's diary is one year earlier than the date of this book. CH. ELKIN MATHEWS.

7, Hamilton Road, Highbury, N.

409).-Vide Hall's Chronicle, p. 744, ed. 1809, HENRY VIII. AND THE FARMERS (6th S. iv. and Rapin's England, vol. i. p. 779, ed. 1743. Í in either passage referred to, but only of mersee, however, no express mention of "farmers' chants, clothiers, and common people.

H. W. COOKES. "CHAISE MARINE "" (6th S. iv. 449).—Littré, in his Dictionnaire de la Langue Française, 1863, describes the word in the following terms: "" Sorte de siége disposé de manière à affranchir du roulis et du tangage." This in English is nothing more than a swinging chair, and if I may at the toll-gate was used to imply any kind of hazard a guess I should say that the word inscribed spring cart.

G. F. R. B.

"HEIGHAM" (6th S. iv. 409).—This place-name is from hay, hedge, Sax. hæg, an enclosure by hedge, for a game preserve; so that it was the home in the hay. See Blomefield's Hist. of Norfolk, vol. iv. p. 260; vol. x. pp. 244, 283; and vol. xi. p. 54. In vol. i. p. 2, there is a "hagh" mentioned in temp. Canute. See also last number (8) of Warwickshire Antiquarian Magazine (Cooke, Warwick), in which this term is explained in an article by me, on a small estate of my own called the Haye, which was formerly in the Forest of Coleshill. See also Domesday of Norfolk, in which, I think, several hays are mentioned.

CHRIS. CHATTOCK.

To make MR. HIGH's uncertainty trebly uncertain, may I suggest another root, viz., Hege, an enclosure, which may recommend itself the more

to him because (a) Heigham was called "Hecham" in Domesday Book, and (b) of enclosures we have a legion in place-names. The benefit of it might be extended to the not very distant parish of Heydon, which lies in a level district, and can boast of no rising ground around it (much less a height) nearer than a mile to the north. Analogous transformations of the root hege are to be found in the old substantives Hayboot, Hayward, and in the place-names Heywood (Lanc.), Roundhay, Rothwell Haigh, and Haye Park (York), &c. ALPHONSE ESTOCLET.

St. Mary's College, Peckham.

ANTIMONY (6th S. iv. 366).-Littré, in his dictionary, s.v., tome i. p. 156, col. 1, points out the doubtful origin and etymology of this word :

"Mot d'une origine douteuse. On l'a fait venir, d'après sa composition apparente, d'antimoine, c'est-àdire contraire aux moines. Mais cette étymologie ne se fonde absolument sur rien, aucune anecdote de quelque authenticité ne nous apprenant comment un pareil sobriquet aurait pu être donné à ce métal. Quelquesuns le font venir de ἀντὶ et de μόνος, parce que ce métal ne se trouve jamais seul; certains, d'avriμévεiv, parce qu'il fortifie les corps. Antimonium se trouve dans les écrits de Constantin l'Africain, De Gradibus, p. 381, médecin salernitain qui vivait à la fin du XI siècle. D'autres, avec raison, ce semble, tirent ce mot de l'arabe athmoud" ou ithmid. Athmoud est devenu facilement, dans le latin barbare, antimonium. D'un autre côté, la forme propre de l'arabe est ithmid, et vient sans aucun doute du grec oriuμi, qui est dans stibié; de sorte que, par un jeu singulier de l'altération des langues, antimoine et stibié seraient un mot identique." WILLIAM PLATT.

Callis Court, St. Peter's, Isle of Thanet.

As not only Brachet, but also Littré and Prof. Skeat, have considered this word as of unknown origin, I thought that the very doubtful derivation quoted by your correspondent had received its quietus. Webster says that the word is "most probably corrupted from the Ar. al-ithmidun, or al-uthmudun, antimony." The derivation in which the monk Basil Valentine plays a part would seem to have been unknown unto Minsheu, for he thus derives the word : “ Græ. ἀντιμόνιον, i. q. ȧvrì Saμóviov, contra dæmonium seu diabolum, against the Diuell, quia prodest dæmoniacis, because it is good for the Demoniackes, or possessed with a Diuell." Ingenious Minsheu !

Cardiff.

F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

Abbey of Hautvillers, near Epernay, places the date at the close of the seventeenth century, and states that it was used by Louis XIV. FREDERICK E. SAWYER.

Brighton.

"ROARER" (6th S. iv. 488).-Roarers or Roringboys were the fast men of the period. In another work Brathwaite himself describes them fully :'If to be deem'd a Turne-ball roring lad,

Of all the straines that be there's none so bad:
These glorie in deformed shapes, and thirst
After that guize which doth beseeme them worst:
But wouldst thou know them? then attend to me,
And I in few words will describe them thee.
Their peak't-mouchatoes bodkinwise oppose
Each other, and stand brauing of their nose:
They're blustering boyes, and whatsoe're befall,
If they be three to one they 'le haue the wall.
They haue a mint of oaths, yet when they sweare,
Of death and murder, there's small danger there:
Buffe-yerkins say their souldiers, (but 's not so,)
For they were prest indeed but durst not goe.
They weare a Cutler's-shop euer about them:
Yet for all that we need not greatly doubt them.
For tak 't from me by this you soon'st may know the,
They weare the desperat'st blades, yet dare not draw
them.

They're Panders by profession, men that get
A slauish meanes out of a seruile wit
They 're euer soaking of a pipe, whose smoake
Makes them contort & wreath their wainskot look
To euery fashion, they are monstrous proud,
And what-soere they speake they sweare its good:
They neuer goe to Church, vnlesse it be
To man their whore, or for formalitie.
They are and are not: seeming men by sight,
But beasts, becomming slaues to appetite :
Their walke is not where Vertue bath recourse,
(For to discourse of Vertue is a curse)

To Roring-boyes: their Rende-voue's Tibb Calles
Her shrowd their shrine, their walk 's in Garden-allies
Dost see these (youngling)? pray thee see and mark,
A whore enticing, and a god-lesse sharke
Attending her, haue a good eye to him,
Pray thee beware he 's instrument of sinne:
Goe not along, let my aduise enforce,
Least thou returne (my boy) by weeping crosse.
Brathwaite's Strappado for the Deuill, 1615
(reprint, 1878, pp. 52-3).

Boston, Lincolnshire.

R. R.

and at the second on that of MR. W. DURRANT COOPER, which, I think, have never been noticed. The John White, M.P. for Southwark, author of The First Century of Scandalous Malignant Priests, is identified with the person of the same name who represented East Grinstead (being also returned for Rye) in the Short Parliament of 1640, and Rye in the Long Parliament, until "disabled" for deserting to the king. Obviously they would not be identical, inasmuch as the two boroughs (Southwark and Rye) continued to be represented by "John White" until 1644, whereas a vacancy would have been created in one of them had this name designated but one person; and moreover it is evident that the author of The Century of Scandalous Malignant Priests, published in 1643, was not likely to be found in attendance on the king, nor would a Royalist have been "buried in the Temple Church with great funeral solemnity in January or February, 1644/5. Again, the writ for Southwark was issued in August, 1645, in the room of "John White, deceased," whereas that for Rye, in the following month, was in the room of "John White, disabled." "Century" White was not, I think, a member of any parliament previous to that which assembled in November, 1640. ALFRED B. BEaven, M.A.

Preston.

"MEDICUS CURAT," &c. (6th S. iv. 388, 436, 457, 477, 495).-Deeply as I feel obliged to A. C. for his reference to Galen in " N. & Q.," 6th S. iv. 495, I humbly submit that the aphorism he quotes from that ancient writer, albeit it may be the remote, is not the immediate original of what I am in quest of, that is, of the aphorism at the head of this note, as I find it quoted in Dr. Scoresby - Jackson's well-known Note-Book of Materia Medica, pt. i. third edition: "The Latin phrase is probably near the truth, which says Medicus curat, Natura sanat morbos," &c. It is this I still want to get at. Unfortunately, Dr. Jackson is dead, and cannot now be referred to. I do not agree with A. C. in regarding this form a silly attempt to make a paradox of the sentence of Galen." For, as well by its brevity as in the contrast intended by the verbs made use of, curare and sanare, it will, I think, compare favourably with Galen's.

as

In case it should interest any of your readers, I here append my stock of analogous phrases :"Medicus curat," &c., as above.-(?) "Natura est operatrix: Medicus vero ejus minister."Galen. "In the ministry of healing, Nature is the pontifex maximus, Art the curate of this high priest."-(?) "Je le pansay; Dieu le guérit."-Ambroise Paré. L'organisme se guérit lui-même; le médecin ne fait que le placer dans des conditions favorables au retour d'un mode de fonctionnement regulier."-Gubler. "A duplice errore cavere oportet, neque vires Naturæ spernere, neque nimis religiosè colere."-Gregory.

"[A few specifics apart, four or five in all,] the bene. ficial action of all remedies, in diseases which admit of cure, is only auxiliary to the provisions of Nature for their spontaneous cure."-Alison. "God healeth: but the physician hath the thanks.”— George Herbert. X. Y. Z.

The principle involved must be carried back beyond Galen to Aristotle, who implies it in the following passage of the Nicomachean Ethics: λέγω δὲ κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς ἡδέα τὰ ἰατρεύοντα· ὅτι γὰρ συμβαίνει λατρεύεσθαι τοῦ ὑπομένοντος yous TраTTOνTÓS TI, Sià TOûTO ýoù Sokeî eival, bk. vii. 15, 7 (Oxf. text). W. E. BUCKLEY.

TALLIES (6th S. iv. 209, 434, 492). Those described in my friend MR. HARTSHORNE'S account as like hedge-stakes, from eighteen inches to four feet long, must have been of an extra size. I have one before me much more portable. It is eight inches long, half an inch broad, and a quarter thick, and is marked on the stock "a° r. E. xix.," i. e., 19 Edward I. The character of the writing is decisive as to the reign. At the other end there is a notch one and a half inches long, with ten neatly cut minims, which, according to MR. PLATT'S definition, mean the ten parts of a larger sum. On the smooth broadside is an inscription (the first half illegible), thus, de Ade de S'co Laudo de fine. Linc'." This Adam de Sancto Laudo, or St. Lo, was Sheriff of Lincoln 7 and 8 Edward I., and the existing records show that his executors accounted at the Exchequer for money due by him while in office, and corroborate in a very interesting way this fragile relic, now 600 years old. It much blackened, perhaps charred in the fire of has borne a charmed life, for it seems to have been 1834, and, after possibly being rescued by some Old Westminster" of an antiquarian turn, has escaped all the risks attending its deposit in the lockers of successive generations of boys, and was found in the school a year ago by one of the present Queen's scholars.

J. BAIN.

ST. LUKE XXIII. 15 (6th S. iv. 465, 498).-My friend MR. WOOLRYCH must bear a questioning of his dicta (1) that the Revision rendering "done by" is correct as 66 an undoubted fact," and (2) that "the dative following the passive [of páσow] could not mean a thing done to a person." The sentence is one as to which no one can be without any doubt. The old rendering arose probably from wide consideration of all the circumstances and from regard to the usual force of the dative case, which primarily is not rendered "by." In Acts xvi. 28 is a very similar construction in the active voice, μηδὲν πράξῃς σεαυτῷ. Doubtless to Herod be intended (i.e., as to anything done "by him" is a more easy reading, but if a reference against his jurisdiction), then "by" would not cover that. The dative following the passive

"DROWE": "DRAGE" (6th S. iv. 328, 478, 498).-Drage is a coarse kind of barley, probably the same as bere (Hordeum tetrastichon). It was never a common kind of grain in England, though hundreds of entries of it are to be found in the first two volumes of my History of Agriculture and Prices. It was used for fattening swine and for manufacturing a cheap malt. After the middle of the fifteenth century it disappears from English agriculture. Bullimung is a mixed crop of oats and vetches, and was frequently grown in Essex, of course for horse feed. Drage went out of use because the necessaries of life were very cheap, wages were relatively very high in the fifteenth century, and there was no need to use the commoner kinds of grain. In the same way the use of rye is generally abandoned at nearly the same period. JAMES E. THOROLD ROGERS.

Oxford.

THE EPISCOPAL WIG (6th S. iv. 427, 493, 546). -I have ever been under the impression that the celebrated Dr. Blomfield, Bishop of London, was the first to doff the episcopal wig. The Dictionary of Words, Facts, and Phrases confirms this. The author states that "wigs were worn by bishops in the House of Lords until 1830, when Blomfield, Bishop of London, obtained the permission of King William IV. for the Episcopal Bench to discontinue the practice." I first came to London in 1835, and often used to hear the bishop preach in St. James's Church, Piccadilly, and also heard other members of the Episcopal Bench in various churches, or whilst presiding at religious meetings, I never saw one wearing a wig except on an occasion when the late Dr. Howley, Archbishop of Canterbury, presided at the distribution of medical prizes at King's College in 1837 or 1838. His grace then certainly wore a wig, but by no means a large one. My impression is that Bishop Blomfield was calling to pay his respects to the king soon after his accession to the throne, and, the day being very hot, he obtained permission from his Majesty to put off the wig, and I think then and there had leave to discontinue it always. I heard the bishop preach the sermon upon her present Majesty's coronation, and certainly his fine expansive forehead was not obscured by an ugly wig. In Copley's masterpiece, "The Death of Chatham," the lords spiritual are represented in the House of Lords as wearing wigs, but of

much smaller dimensions than those worn by our judges at the present day. JOHN COLEBROOK.

"PANIS DE HASTRINELLO" (6th S. iii. 309, 496; iv. 258, 330).—After MR. TANCOCK's severe strictures upon me-not, I must confess, altogether undeserved-for having too temerariously rushed into the domain of etymology, I hardly venture to write again upon this subject. But I should like to ask whether "wastell" (a word used by Chaucer) can possibly be derived from gateau, formerly spelled gasteau, the French word for a cake!

EDWARD H. Marshall, M.A.

I saw many years ago a ring which was said to MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS (6th S. iv. 148, 196). have been given to Sir R. Melville by Queen Mary shortly previous to, or at, her execution. It had a ruby between two diamonds, and inside was enthen to a member of the Balfour-Ogilvie family. graved, "Mary to Melville, 1587." It belonged I forget its previous history, nor am I aware where the ring is now.

WILLIAM DEANE.

PORTRAIT OF WASHINGTON IRVING (6th S. iv. 447, 490, 524).—My friend MR. GOSSE will find a good steel-plate portrait of Irving in the first volume of the "American Men of Letters" series (Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1881), which is a Life of Washington Irving, by Mr. Charles DudJ. BRANDER MATTHEWS. ley Warner. Stuyvesant Square, N.Y.

SIEGE OF CHEPSTOW (6th S. iv. 307, 355, 476).— Is Colonel Morgan the same as General Sir Thomas Morgan, who was constable of Chester, governor of Jersey, and commander of his Majesty's forces in Scotland at different periods? His place was Kinnesley Castle, Herefordshire.

Amersham.

JOHN CHEESE.

A PAINTING OF the Flight iNTO EGYPT (6th

S. iv. 428, 472).-There is only a very slight misspelling, or misreading, in the name of the artist. Join the two parts into one word, change Of that into t, then you get Fourmestraux. name I find in J. Houdoy's Histoire de la Céramique Lilloise (Paris, Aubry, 1769), at p. 136, mention made of Antoine Fourmestraux, who was employed as a modeller (mouleur) in the porcelain carried out during the great French Revolution by works founded at Lille by Leperre-Durot, while his partner Gaboria. The name is French, and of frequent occurrence in French Flanders. artist inquired after might easily be identified by searching the now reprinted or reprinting catalogues of the Lille Fine-Arts Exhibitions.

The

V. J. VAILLANT.

Boulogne-sur-Mer. "Too TOO "" (6th S. iv. 266, 313).-Will not the modern aesthetes be somewhat surprised to learn