"CHIMERE" (6th S. v. 268). This is the same word as the Fr. chamarre, " a loose and light gowne (and lesse properly a cloake) that may be worne aswash or skarfe-wise; also a studded garment" (Cotgrave). In Italian it appears as cimara or cimarra, "any long upper garment; namely, that formal gown, or upper habit, that Graduates wear in Universities" (Florio, ed. 1688). Both are probably from the Spanish çamárra, the name of a garment made of skins. They are all of Eastern origin, derived from the Arabic khimar, a veil or head-dress; omnis res, quæ alteram tegit; inde operimentum; peculiariter capitis seu faciei muliebre; præcipue, ita uti nunc mos obtinet, quod anterioribus colli partibus, mento atque ori prætentum superne in capitis vertice nodatur" (Freytag). The origin is in the verb khamara, to cover; "operuit, texit" (F.). The Arabic consonant that is generally represented by kh in English has not such a sound as these letters may suggest. It is pronounced as the Spanish j, and nearly as the Fr. ch, though more gutturally. The Ital. cimara approximates very closely to the

Arab. khimar.

Belsize Square.

J. D.

Palmer says (Origines Liturgica, vol. ii. p. 407), quoting Hody's History of Convocations, p. 141, that in the time of Edward the Sixth our Bishops wore a scarlet chimere, like the Doctor's dress at Oxford, over the rochette; which in the time of Queen Elizabeth was changed for the black satin chimere used at present." The chimere seems to resemble the garment used by bishops during the Middle Ages, and called mantelletum, which was a sort of cope with apertures for the arms to pass through (see Ducange's Glossary). The name of chimere is probably derived from the Italian zimarra, which is described as vesta talare de'

sacerdoti e de' chierici."

J. R. B.

Mr. Fairholt, in his Costume in England, gives the derivation of this word as probably "from the Italian zimarra, which is described as vesta talare de' sacerdoti e de' chierici' (Ortografia Enciclopedica Italiana, Venezia, 1826)." He does not give the origin of the chimere, but says that it was worn by the bishops in Edward VI.'s reign "of a scarlet colour," being changed for the present black satin chimere in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The book contains an engraving of a bishop, supposed to be Bishop Fox, wearing the chimere, rochette, ALPHA.

and scarf.

Dean Stanley, in Christian Institutions, p. 154, connects chimere with cymar. He does not further

notice the latter word, but refers to Archæologia, xxx. 27. H. DELEVINGNE. Chiswick.

Surely this word represents the Greek χίμαιρα, a she-goat, and points to a time, far back in the life of the Church, when ecclesiastics were content with a goatskin or sheepskin as the chief part of their attire. It will be remembered that St. Antony on dying bequeathed his two sheepskins to his friends Athanasius and Serapion. I quote Athanasius's simple and touching story: "Distribute my garments as follows. Let Athanasius the bishop have the one sheepskin and the garment I sleep on, which he gave me new and which has grown old with me. Let Serapion the bishop have the other sheepskin. As to the hair shirt, keep it to yourselves. And now, my children, farewell; Antony is going, and is no longer with you." EDMUND VENABLES.

Lincoln.

LORD AND LADY JENNINGS (6th S. v. 407).—I am not aware that any one of the name of Jennings was entitled to call himself " Lord in or drawn up by a Dutchman, it is possible that the before the year 1639. As the list of pictures was name is not quite correctly spelt, and that the owner of it was not an Englishman. therefore venture to suggest that perhaps the picture in question was the portrait of Pierre Jeannin, commonly called the President Jeannin, born 1540, died 1622, who held a very prominent position amongst politicians in the early part of the seventeenth century, and was ambassador from Henry IV. to the United States in 1609, at which time he signed the important treaty with Spain bearing date June 27, 1609. In the preamble to this he is described as 66 Messire Pierre Jeannin Cheualier Baron de Chagny, et Montjeu, Conseiller dudit sieur Roy Tres-Chrestien en son Conseil d'Estat, et son Ambassadeur extraordinaire Vers les dits sieurs Estats." The Dutch were all very thankful to Jeannin for the active part which he took in the settlement of their disputes with Spain, and would willingly accord to him the title of lord, as ambassador extraordinary, independently of his French territorial title of baron which was usually sunk in his more general designation of president. According to Sully Jeannin ambassador to Great Britain shortly (Memoirs, bk. xxvii.) Henry IV. had nominated before his assassination in 1610. (Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 315) mentions, under date of Jeannin's only son in a duel. Jeannin was one December, 1611, the very deeply regretted death of the four who drew up the celebrated Edict of Nantes in 1598. There is a fine portrait of him by R. Nanteuil prefixed to his Negotiations, folio, Paris, 1656. In this volume there are many curious illustrations of how English names were

Winwood

altered by foreign transcribers; thus, for example, Ralph Winwood appears as Rodolphe Vuinnood, a change, perhaps, even greater than that of Monsieur Jeannin into My Lord Jennings. EDWARD SOLLY.

TRANSPARENT PRINTS (6th S. v. 328).-I have a pictorial advertisement worded as follows:

Transparent prints first invented, published, and sold by Edwd Orme, Conduit Street, corner of George Street, London, Printseller in ordinary to the King, who also frames pictures Prints & Miniatures in the newest stile. P.S.-Mr. W. Orme continues to teach transparent and other Drawing as usual."

The illustration consists of a female figure seated on a bale, holding in the right hand a lighted taper, which shines through a large engraving, held in the left hand, beneath which is written, "The first invented transparent print from a drawing by Wm. Orme." On a table by her side are screens of different designs, and around are scattered windows (inscribed, "made for window blinds to imitate painted glass "), bottles, a roll of paper, and a painting-box, with the words, "Colors & preparation sold for transparent & other drawing." In the distance is a sea view with shipping.

GERALD PONSONBY.

These transparencies, as they were called, were much used as blinds to cover the three or six lower panes of an ordinary twelve-paned window, where a blind was wanted. Each transparency was stretched over a light wooden frame, and just fitted the pane it was placed over. How fixed I cannot say. The transparent part was highly varnished or oiled. I remember a haunted chamber, a smugglers' cave, and a night scene out of Don Quixote. All are gone years since; but the very sea fight MR. PATTERSON mentions I have by me yet, for, the shape being unsuitable for a windowpane, it has never been used. There were juvenile imitations, no doubt, but the printed ones were far the best. P. P.

I have an aquatint, blue and brown, "The Tomb of Juliet," published by E. Orme, June, 1799, seemingly a fellow to the one described by MR. PATTERSON. Mine is framed between a double glass with a backing of pink paper, doubtless to give the high lights of the picture a tone when hung against the light. W. B. BOND.

Such prints were intended to reveal their full meanings only when held up to the light. They were prepared from two engravings, one of which was pasted over the other and concealed it. The paper being thin, the hidden design was displayed when held up. F. G. S.

BARONESS DE LUTZOW (5th S. x. 268, 299).In reference to the inquiry made at the former reference, to which I have been unable hitherto to reply, I am now informed by my mother-in-law,

Mrs. de Lisle, the daughter of the Baroness von Lutzow in question, that Baron Conrad von Lutzow was grand marshal and high chamberlain to Frederick Francis, Duke of Mecklenburg. The von Lutzow of the Black Hussars of the War

of Independence was of the same family, but not very closely related. If ED. I. M. desires further information I shall be happy to be the means of procuring it for him if possible. I presume, that Baron Conrad was father of the baroness who married Hon. S. E. Clifford, my own maternal great-uncle. The von Lutzows have thirty-six quarterings, and are Barons of the Holy Roman Empire." F. A. W.

ST. WHITE AND HER CHEESE (6th S. v. 246, 331). -This strangely named saint may be well searched for in vain in hagiologies, inasmuch as, by a still more audacious impersonation than that which has transformed the cloak (amphibalus) of St. Alban into St. Amphibalus, St. White has been evolved out of the white stone which, in days when churches were usually of wattle and daub, was exceptional enough to give a name first to the building and then to the place. Bede tells us that the site of St. Ninian's church in Galloway was called "Ad Candidam Casam" because it was built of stone. "insolito Brettonibus more." This is now Whithern, A.-S. Hwit aern, the white place. Corresponding to this are the various Whitchurches, A.-S. Hwit cirice, scattered over England, the origin of the name being the same. It is one of these (Whitchurch Canonicorum, in the vale of Marshwood, between Bridport and Lyme) which has given birth to St. White-Sancta Candida, to whom the church was supposed to be dedicated, and whose sacred well was shown in the old topographer Coker's time. EDMUND VEnables.

Lincoln.

"ESCAETA" (6th S. v. 327).—Under this word Du Cange writes :

spelling], non una semper, sed varia et diversa est "Horum vocabulorum [giving it in its different way of significatio. Nam interdum, et ut plurimum sic appellantur bona, prædia immobilia vel mobilia quævis, quæ ex delicto et forisfactura vassali vel alio quolibit casu cadunt in fiscum Domini feudi.”

From this it will be seen that this is one of those feudal imposts called escheats, payable either to individuals manorial rights. Of course the perquisites, in or corporate bodies claiming the this case, were merely based upon an understanding, or an agreement between the convent and its Edmund Tew, M.A.

servants.

Escarta is evidently the legal word escheat, disguised in monkish Latin, and, judging from its Norman French derivation (escheir, to happen), implies a casual profit or benefit arising from the provisions specified, and purchased by the manciple of the convent. WILLIAM Platt.

that, on giving his order for a new one, the question would be asked, "How many dozen do you require ?" as it is only a quantity that will pay for the production of such an extraordinary glass. It will be seen, then, that the replacement of the

Great Seal Patent Office.

"TWAE FREIRS OF BERWICK" (6th S. v. 267, 415). Whatever may have been the case with regard to the existence in the Skene Library of a copy of the work referred to under the above title at the time Dr. Laing penned his note, I have only too good reason for believing that it no longer possesses that unique volume, having lately traversed the whole contents of the library without finding a trace of it. What, then, has become of it? Perhaps some of your correspondents may be able to throw light on this interesting point. In any case, it is devoutly to be hoped that this unique specimen of Raban's work is not to be reckoned among the things that have been.

A. W. R.

A YARD OF BEER (6th S. v. 368, 394).-Since SIR JOHN MACLEAN's inquiry, if the custom of selling beer by the yard still existed at Bexley, appeared in N. & Q.," I have treated myself to a few hours' ramble in the neighbourhood of that place. After having walked from Eltham to within two miles of Bexley, I made inquiry at a small, lonely public-house respecting the custom of selling beer by the yard; but was surprised to be informed by the landlord that he had never before heard of such a custom, although his own house stood in Bexley parish. Hereupon a labouring man, who had accidentally overheard our conversation, remarked that he knew one public-house in the village, "The George," where the custom I alluded to used to be in vogue. Thither I accordingly repaired; but only to learn that the custom had recently sunk into desuetude, owing to the unfortunate circumstance that the peculiar glass had been accidentally broken within the last twelvemonth; and, as few visitors are to be found in the humour to pay 7s. 6d., even after their curiosity has been gratified, the solitary yard-glass has not yet been replaced-Mr. Steel, the landlord, remarking, "One hardly likes to exact such a sum from a customer, when the affair is an accident." So that, unless Mr. S. alter his mind, he will henceforward be spared the pain of apologizing for exacting payment even from those who might be both able and willing to pay. After a little further conversation with the landlord, I learned that the expense of 7s. 6d. was not his main reason for the non-replacement of the absent yard-glass; but rather the consciousness of the fact

*Scil. Ancient Persia,

for the present, we must conclude that those whose curiosity may lead them to see a yard of than twelve miles for that purpose. It appears beer will have to hie further away from London that before the glass was broken the yard of beer was the exception, and not the rule-the general customers of the house being served in the way ordinarily observed at other inns and taverns-the yard-glass being only occasionally introduced for the gratification of those whose curiosity, like mine, had led them a little out of their course. H. SCULTHORP.

James Street, Buckingham Gate, S.W.

'MIGHTY" TOM OF OXFORD (6th S. v. 248, 374). The error of the name as given in the extract from Willis and Wood, whether an accurate copy of the inscription or not, may be corrected from a poem in the Musa Anglicana by Th. Spark: "In Thomam Clusium, sive campanam 1741. A few lines which notice the success of the magnam Edis Christi," vol. i. pp. 261-5, Lon. casting also explain the classical allusion in the the day of academic life with the hundred and one name of "Clusius," "the shutter," from his closing

strokes:

"Ecce oritur nitidoque emergit Clusius ore, (Horrendum populo nomen, gentique togata) Jane pater, socios tecum partitus honores, Sive diem nostro reseret, seu claudat Olympo." There was also a "Little Tom," as appears from the account of the installation of the famous Atterbury as Dean of Christ Church:

these occasions) Little Tom (for so they call the biggest "1711. Sept. 28......At eight o'clock (as is usual upon of the ten bells in the cathedral) rung out 'till nine. The great bell (commonly called Great Tom) over the great gate should have rung, if the motion of it were not very dangerous (as certain it is, as they have experienced in former times) to the fabrick in which it hangs."— Reliquiæ Hearnianæ, vol. i. p. 238, Lon. 1869.

ED. MARSHALL.

My lot being now cast far from the academic shades of Oxford must be my excuse for my ignorance in asking whether one hundred and one blows, representing the former number of the students on the foundation, are still struck upon "Tom" at 9 o'clock P.M. The number of students has, I believe, been very much reduced in recent years. In Carmina Quadragesimalia, series prima, Oxonii, MDCCXXIII., edited by Charles Este-a book which gives some curious incidental information concerning the university manners and customs of that day-are two copies of verses upon "Great Tom." In my copy of the book they are attributed

in MS. to "Smalridge"-perhaps Philip Smalridge, elected from Westminster to Christ Church in 1717, and a son of George Smalridge, Bishop of Bristol; or they might have been written by the bishop when a student of the house." A Latin note at p. 91 observes: "Clusius campana magna Ed. Christi, cujus pulsatione hora nona denuntiatur, et ad Collegia propria se recipere tenentur Academici." The other poem at p. 142 mentions that Great Tom, or 66 Clusius as he is styled, was dumb temporarily, owing to an accident, "Propter fractum campanæ malleum," and that revelry in taverns in the city was consequently indulged in, as he could not discharge his office. In Musœ Anglicana, MDCCXLI., editio quinta, vol. i. pp. 261265, is a poem in Latin hexameters, "In Thomam Clusium," on the recasting of this bell, written by Tho. Spark, "Ed. Christ. Alumnus." He was a scholar of considerable eminence in his day, was

elected from Westminster to Christ Church in

1672, and in all probability was the author of "Passer" in vol. i. pp. 11-12 of the same book, as it is subscribed "T. S., Edis Christi Alumnus." It is worth noticing that on Thursday, May 11, 1882, "Great Paul," the bell cast at Loughborough by Messrs. Taylor for St. Paul's Cathedral, was removed to London on a trolly weighing two tons, drawn by two traction engines. The weight of the bell is said to be somewhat under seventeen JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. tons. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge.

A CURIOUS BOOK-PLATE (6th S. v. 226, 374).I have an inscription for a book-plate which I also beg to mention, at the end of a volume in which there is also a book-plate of W. Jones with a Greek motto, Θέος ἀγάπη ἐστίν. It is within a border three inches by two:

mortuus," I became a dead man. The difference is striking, and full of teaching. Our Lord not only went through the act which we know as dying, but entered into all the conditions of a dead man-a corpse (corruption of course excepted), and was thus "in all points made like unto his brethren." This distinction between the act and the state, though expressed in the wording of our English Creed, is too often overlooked. It deserves notice that "mortuus" is not found in the earliest forms of the Apostles' Creed, which merely have "crucifixus sub Pontio Pilato, et sepultus." EDMUND Venables.

Lincoln.

THE "BRITISH AMAZON" (6th S. iii. 9, 113):In sonated men are the following soldiers and sailors: my collection of portraits of women who perinfested the West Indies and the Spanish Main Mary Read and Anne Bonney, pirates who towards the close of the seventeenth century.

Yorkshire Nan (Prince George's Cupwoman), a servant in the household of Queen Anne, but who had previously made five voyages as a sailor. horseback), served in the Inniskilling Dragoons Christian Davis, otherwise Mother Ross (on and Scots Greys at Blenheim and Ramilies. Died July 9, 1739.

Ann Mills, who served on board the Maidstone frigate, 1740. She is represented holding a sword in one hand and a Frenchman's head in the other. Hannah Snell, born at Worcester, 1723, mezzotint by J. Young, engraver to the Prince of Wales, published Dec. 12, 1789. Another picture represents "Hannah Snell's rencontre with the landlord." There is a portrait and memoir of this "British Amazon" in the Gentleman's Magazine for July, 1750:

"Hannah in breeks behav'd so well That none her softer sex could tell." Mary Ann Talbot, "who served several years in his Majesty's service by sea and land in the name of John Taylor." Died Feb. 4, 1808, aged thirty years. Four different portraits, in one of which she is resisting a press-gang.

In connexion with the subject it may be mentioned that, during the contest between Charles and the Parliament, Charlotte de la Trémouille, Countess of Derby, and Lady Arundell of Wardour fought on the king's side, i.c., they personally defended Lathom House and Wardour Castle against the Parliamentary forces.

WILLIAM RAYNER. 133, Blenheim Crescent, Notting Hill. iii. 144, 297; iv. 90, 118, 151.] [See "Female Soldiers and Sailors," "N. & Q.," 6th S.

SEAFIELD CASTLE (6th S. iv. 429, 538).—Mr. CARMICHAEL'S reply to my query, though interesting, furnishes items already contained in a MS. in my possession, entitled "Genealogical Collection,