APPENDIX TABLE P.-Number and value of unclassified contracts subject to the Public Contracts Act, by fiscal year, 1937-60

1 Includes contracts for which no value was reported on the notice of award; some of these contracts may not be covered by the act.

2 For statistical purposes, the amount included for indefinite-amount contracts indicating only an upper limit (e.g., "not to exceed $50,000") is that limit; contracts for "more that $10,000" are coded $10,000; and no value is included for those contracts reported as "indefinite" or for which no value is shown.

NOTE: Amendments and supplemental awards to existing contracts are treated in the same manner as the original contract.

APPENDIX TABLE Q.-Number and value of unclassified procurement actions subject to the Public Contracts Act, fiscal year 1960

APPENDIX TABLE R.-Number of minors found illegally employed on farms in violation of the child labor provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act, by age and present or last school grade attended, fiscal year 19601

1 Fifty-four illegally employed minors were omitted. These included: 42 for whom no school information was available, 4 for whom age was not reported, and 8 who were too young to be expected to attend school. 2 The figures between heavy lines in the table indicate normal school attainment for that age child. On the basis of the usual standard of measurement, developed by the U.S. Office of Education, 6 to 7 is considered normal attendance in the first grade, 7 to 8 for the second grade, etc., with attendance of one grade each year.

Appendix II

Child Labor Standards

Fair Labor Standards Act

The child labor provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act set a 16-year minimum age for general employment, an 18-year-minimum age for occupations found and declared hazardous by the Secretary of Labor, and a 14-year minimum for employment outside school hours for a limited number of occupations under regulated hours and conditions.

age

These provisions apply to employees engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for such commerce. They also apply to any producer, manufacturer, or dealer who ships goods or delivers goods for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce.

Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act

This act prohibits the employment of boys under 16 and girls under 18 years of age on contracts let by the Federal Government for materials, supplies, articles, or equipment in amounts exceeding $10,000.

Investigation Findings

A total of 9,899 minors were found employed contrary to the child labor provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1960. Of this number, 4,470 worked in agriculture. During the year, 61 minors were found employed contrary to the Public Contracts Act. Employers are fined $10 per day for each day a minor is knowingly employed contrary to the child labor provisions of the latter act. Amounts totaling $9,260 were paid in liquidated damages to the Federal Government for the 61 minors found unlawfully working.

Nonagricultural Investigations Under Fair Labor Standards Act Child labor violations were found in nonagricultural investigations in all States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. (See appendix table C.) Of the 5,429 minors illegally employed in these establishments, 442, or 8 percent, were under 14 years of age; 2,015, or 37 percent, were 14 or 15 years of age; and 2,972, or 55 percent, were 16 or 17 years of age and employed in hazardous occupations. (See appendix table F.)

Occupations of Minors Under 16

Unless exempt from the child labor provisions, minors under 14 years of age may not work in nonagricultural industries. Today, although the number is small, children 8 through 13 are still found working unlawfully by the Divisions' investigators. Among those found during fiscal 1960 were a 10-year-old boy pushing baskets down a chute from a loft in a peach-packing shed, a 13-yearold girl operating an ironer in a linen-supply laundry, a boy 12 years of age marking and piling sheet metal for a manufacturer of metal parts, children 8, 10, and 11 making ornamental bows for a coat manufacturer, and a boy 13 working as a truck driver and helper from 12 midnight to 5:30 a.m. for a wholesale newspaper warehouse.

Child labor regulation no. 3 permits minors 14 and 15 years of age under regulated hours and conditions to work in such places as offices, fresh fruit and vegetable packing sheds, and retail stores. They are not permitted to work in manufacturing, mining, or processing occupations or in workplaces where such operations are conducted. Other types of work prohibited by this regulation are occupations in connection with transportation, warehousing and storage, communications and public utilities, and construction, except office and sales work.

Children 14 and 15 found working at prohibited occupations were doing such things as helping on a linotype and printing press, trimming plastic in a factory on the 11:30 p.m. to 7 a.m. shift, operating a sewing machine in a garment factory, putting hinges on windows in a factory manufacturing wooden windows, helping to load chemicals on planes used for crop dusting, and herding cattle into pens as late as I a.m.

Minors Working in Hazardous Occupations

There were 3,689 minors under 18 found working during fiscal 1960 at occupations declared hazardous by the Secretary of Labor, under one or more of the 13 hazardous occupations orders he has issued to date. Sixty-two percent of all minors employed contrary to these orders were employed as motor vehicle drivers and helpers contrary to Hazardous Occupations Order No. 2. About 16 percent were working as operators of power-driven hoists, which include elevators. These occupations are included in Hazardous Occupations Order No. 7. The third largest group, 379, or 10 percent, were employed in logging and sawmilling occupations contrary to Hazardous Occupations Order No. 4. (See appendix table E.)

The following are some of the hazardous occupations prohibited by Federal law at which minors under 18 were found working: coal loader inside a coal mine, operator of a punch press and shearing machine in a metal fabricating plant, truck driver and helper for a drayage and storage company, operator of a power-driven circular saw and a band saw in a firm manufacturing wooden pallets, killer and skinner of animals at a meat-packing plant, operator of a freight elevator in a garment factory, a log cutter in a woods crew, and operator of a scrap-paper baler and scrap-paper shredder machine in a factory.

Reports of death and serious permanent injury point up the necessity for strict observance of hazardous occupations orders.

A 16-year-old boy in an eastern State was killed on an elevator he was operating to haul goods on a cart between factory floors. His foot slipped between the elevator floor and the shaft wall, and as the elevator moved upward, his body was wedged against the wall. Badly crushed, he was dead by the time the accident was discovered. His employment was contrary to Hazardous Occupations Order No. 7.

In the West, a 15-year-old boy was hired as a truck driver. The minor was steering a truck that was being towed by another truck. The vehicle the boy was in broke away from the tow truck, overturned, and the minor was killed. The occupation of motor-vehicle driver and helper is prohibited by Hazardous Occupations Order No. 2.

While operating a power-driven dough mixer in a factory in a midwestern State, a 17-year-old boy fractured a bone in his wrist, resulting in possible permanent disability to finger manipulation.

In the southwestern part of the Nation, a boy 17 was employed as a helper in a warehouse. A forklift truck this minor was riding hit an obstruction and turned over. The boy fractured his ankle and mashed his foot, which later required amputation.

Child Labor Findings in Agriculture

The child labor provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act apply to children employed in agriculture only during the hours that the school for the district is in session. Outside school hours, employment in agriculture is exempt, and children of any age may be employed with no limitations as to hours or conditions of work.

Investigators found 4,470 children under the age of 16 years employed in agriculture during school hours. Of this number, 2,862 were local children who lived the year round in the area where they worked, and 1,608 were migrant children who were residing only temporarily in the area. Generally, the youngest children found employed in violation of the child labor provisions of the act are those employed in agriculture. This year was no exception. Of the 4,470 children found working on farms contrary to the child labor provisions, 3,270 were under 14 years, including some as young as 6 and 7 years of age; 1,196 were 14 or 15 years of age; and 4 did not report age. (See appendix table D.) The crops that accounted for the majority of the violations were cotton, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, plums, and prunes.

Compliance on Farms

Investigation activity to check compliance with the child labor provisions on farms is effective only during the periods when school is in session and agricultural operations requiring stoop labor are taking place. At other times there is either no coverage under the act or else the labor of children is not needed. As might be expected, optimum periods for conducting child labor investiga

tions in the various areas of the country vary considerably according to the crop, the weather, and the local practices regarding school vacations. In programing investigations in agriculture, close attention is paid to crop reports and reports on labor needs. The Divisions take into account the many factors that may influence the need for workers, such as mechanization, soil conservation practices, wage rates, and unusual weather conditions. Also checked are the hours and vacation periods of the schools in the areas where investigations will be made. Any complaints received from local school officials and others that children are staying out of school to work are given priority and investigated before the employment of the children ceases.

With few exceptions, most of the growers who were visited by investigators were cooperative. Some of the growers, in order to guard against children slipping into the fields without their notice, arranged for play areas to be set up and hired attendants to take care of the children while the parents worked. Other farmers assigned certain employees to patrol their fields. Cooperation was received from some of the canning companies who required the growers supplying them with fruits and vegetables to stipulate that they would employ no one under 16 years of age during school hours.

Employment and Schooling

The effectiveness of the protection which the child labor provisions provide against employment that interferes with schooling must be measured in the long run by the progress that has been made in getting children into school.

Children who are employed in agriculture, especially migrant children who follow the crops, are at a disadvantage from the standpoint of education. Although State laws generally compel children to attend school, many of these laws permit children under 16 years and even under 14 to be excused from school to work in agriculture. The situation as it relates to migratory children is serious since the school laws often do not apply to them, and traveling from State to State as they do, they are often in and out of a State before the local school officials know they are there. Even when they know migrant children are in the area, some school officials find it difficult to fit such children into school because they stay such a short time and are usually retarded as to school grade.

This retardation is demonstrated by the results of a survey made by the Divisions of the school grade status of children found illegally employed. Of the 4,416 children who furnished information on last grade attended, 49 percent were in grades below normal for their ages. A comparison of the education of these children by age indicates that the educational attainment in relation to age becomes lower as the children get older. (See appendix table R.)

The proportion of children enrolled in grades below normal for their ages was higher for migrant children than for local children. Approximately 69 percent of the migrant children were enrolled in grades below normal for their

ages.

Although the Fair Labor Standards Act does not require children to attend school, there are many farmers who consider that their responsibility does not end