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which his studies were scandalized." Dr. and declared his warrant to be from the Dee's methods must have been highly mighty God, calling the king but God's silly approved of by these two long-headed com- vassal, and, taking him by the sleeve, told missioners, for the queen afterwards sent him, in no measured language, that there Dee 100 marks by the hands of Sir Thomas were two kings and two kingdoms in ScotGorges. THORNE GEORGE. land. There was Christ Jesus the King and James was, and of which kingdom he was his kingdom the Kirk, whose subject King not a king, nor a lord, nor a head, but a mere member. He also told the king that when he was in his swadling-cloutes" the Kirk ever looked after his welfare, and would not permit him now to be drawn to his own destruction by the "devillische and maist pernicius Counsall" he had about him; and much more to the like effect. In the end the king and protested that the lords would get no gave way, and dismissed them pleasantly, grace at his hands till they had satisfied the Kirk. J. L. ANDERSON. See P. Hume Brown's Hist. of Scotland,, ii. 224, and J. R. Green's Short History," C. S. WARD. sec. v. chap. viii. [Replies also from MR. T. P. ARM-TRONG and G. H. W.]

CROWNS IN TOWER OR SPIRE OF CHURCH (9th S. xii. 485).—The spire of St. Nicholas's, Newcastle (a cathedral since 1882), built in 1474, is 200 ft. high, and, being supported by flying buttresses, is a unique feature in English cathedral churches. It seems to have inspired the similar spires at St. Giles's, Edinburgh; the Tron Church, Glasgow; King's College, Aberdeen; and Wren's poor copy at St. Dunstan's-in-the-East, London. The still existing towers of Linlithgow and Haddington once possessed other editions of this Newcastle crown. The south-western tower of Rouen Cathedral, the Tour de Beurre, is surmounted by an octagonal lantern, which in its turn is finished by a carved parapet, said to represent the ducal coronet of Normandy. A beautiful drawing of this tower exists, made by Ruskin in 1835 under the influence of Prout. Begun in 1487 and completed in 1507 by Jacques le Roux the Tour de Beurre contained the great bell "Georges d'Amboise," the largest outside Russia, which cracked with grief in 1786 at being called upon to ring for Louis XVI.

A. R. BAYLEY.

[R. B-R mentions the spires at Newcastle and Aberdeen.]

BEADNELL (9th S. xii. 469).-I suggest that
MR. SANDFORD should write to the members
of the Beadnell family whose names he
already possesses. Other references are:
William H. Beadnell, picture-frame maker,
Glasgow; James Beadnell, tailor, Leeds
William Ernest Beadnell, mechanic, Leeds;
Charles Marsh Beadnell, M.R.C.S. Eng.,
L.R.C.P. Lond., L.S.A. (1895), surgeon in the
Royal Navy; and George David Beadnell,
M.R.C.S. Eng., L.R.C.P. Edin. (1872), in prac-
tice at Denman Island, British Columbia.

CHAS. F. FORSHAW, LL.D., F.R Hist.S.
This name does not occur in any directory
I have been able to consult before 1839.
In the Royal Blue Books' for the years
1839 to 1842 are these entries :-

66

:

Beadnell, John, Esq. 2 Lombard St; Tottenham, Middx.; Castel-y-Dale, near Newtown, Mont"Beadnell, George, Esq. 2 Lombard St; Myfod, Montgomeryshire."

"GOD'S SILLY VASSAL" (9th S. xii. 447).-In September, 1593, when, after the Reforma tion, things were unsettled, the Provincial Assembly of the Church of Scotland met at St. Andrews and excommunicated the Catholic lords, who a year afterwards fled from Scotland, but were recalled in 1596. The General Assembly, suspecting that James VI. favoured the lords, resolved to learn the truth from himself, and in September commissioned Andrew Melville (Rec-gomeryshire." tor of the University of St. Andrews) and others to appear before his Majesty at Falkland Palace. The king received them, but plainly showed he was in no mood to brook interference, and declared their coming to be without warrant and seditious. This was more than the redoubtable Andrew could submit to. James Melville, who was present, says in his 'Autobiography and Diary (Edinburgh, 1842) that thereupon Mr. Andrew brak out upon the king in sa zealus and unresistible a maner, that, howbeit the king used his authority in a most colerik maner, Mr. Andrew bore him down,"

In the 'Royal Blue Books' for 1843 and 1844 George Beadnell appears as above, but John Beadnell's only address is Tottenham. In 1845 neither name occurs.

JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

I remember a Mr. Henry Beadnell, a proofreader in the office of Messrs. Cox & Wyman, Great Queen Street, printers to the East India Company. He was a man of some culture, and published some works on typography, and a small volume of original verse and translations. There is a Mr. H. J.

Llewellyn Beadnell in the Ministry of
Public Works, Egypt, Geological Survey
Department.
JOHN HEBB.

EPIGRAM ON MADAME DE POMPADOUR (9th S. xii. 447). It has been suggested that a line of Frederic the Great against the Abbé de Bernis caused France to go against Prussia. If an epigram on Madame de Pompadour cannot be found, it may be worth while to quote the following; for it is possible that Carlyle made a mistake, and confounded Madame de Pompadour with her ally, the Abbé de Bernis :

"Frédéric, à la fin d'une Epître au comte Gotter, où il décrit les détails infinis du travail et de l'industrie humaine, avait dit :

Je n'ai pas tout dépeint, la matière est immense,
Et je laisse à Bernis sa stérile abondance.
On a supposé que Bernis connaissait cette Epitre,
et que c'avait été le motif qui lui avait fait con-
seiller à Versailles d'abandonner le roi de Prusse et
de s'allier avec l'Impératrice. Turgot, dans des vers
satiriques anonymes qui coururent tout Paris, et
qui étalaient au vif les désastres flétrissants dont la
guerre de Sept Ans affligeait la France, s'écriait :-
Bernis, est-ce assez de victimes?

Et les mépris d'un roi pour vos petites rimes
Vous semblent-ils assez vengés?
Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du Lundi, L'Abbé de
E. YARDLEY.

Bernis.

push or press one's own claims forward, it
seems worth while to consider, among the
possible progenitors of English boost, the
verb boster, recorded by Frédéric Godefroy
as a variant of the medieval French bouter,
which he translates as meaning "frapper,
heurter, renverser, presser, pousser." Gode-
froy gives only one quotation showing the
use of this variant of the verb. To continue
the Baskish vein, one may point to_boz=
glad, rejoiced, in Leigarraga's New Testa-
ment, 1 Cor. xvi. 17. It is certain that Baskish
z had, and still sometimes has, the sound, of
tz as in German. Salaberry in his dictionary
notes botz as meaning "voiz, suffrage.'
tilian voz= voice would be baskonized by
boz.

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PROF. W. W. SKEAT connects Gothic Dutch hop (A Moso-Gothic Glossary,' Lonhwōpan-to boast with English whoop_and don, 1868). This strengthens the tendency to take boast for a derivative of vox. The word for boast in Romans xi. 18, 1 Cor. iv. 7, 2 Cor. v. 12, which are quoted by PROF. SKEAT under hwōpan, is gloria in the Baskish version of 1571. In 1 Cor. xiii. 3 Leiçarraga did not, like Ulfilas, read κavɣýσwμai, but κavonowμaι. E. S. DODGSON.

BIRCH-SAP WINE (9th S. xi. 467; xii. 50, BANNS OF MARRIAGE (9th S. xii. 107, 215, 296).-John Evelyn in his 'Sylva' (book i. 375). It is also allowable, though by no chap. xviii. §8) gives a receipt for birch-sapmeans a general custom, to publish the banns wine, to which he attributes valuable mediof marriage after the Nicene Creed, and on cinal properties. It is interesting to observe my last visit to Oxford I heard the publica- that in the same work he recommends sycation in this place at the church of St. Peter-more-sap for brewing (chap. xiii. § 2, and, in-the-East. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge.

"PAPERS" (9th S. xii. 387).-Here are examples of the use of the word "papers,' the extracts being made from Newton Forster,' by Marryat, published in Paris, Baudry's European Library, 1834, though the edition is not given :

"I will just speak a word or two to my father. and be on board in less than half an hour.' 'I will meet you there,' said Hilton, and bring your papers.'"-Chap. vii. p. 50.

66 Newton......made all haste to obtain his clearance and other papers from the custom-house...... With his papers carefully buttoned in his coat, he was proceeding to the boat at the jetty."Chap. ix. p. 63.

There are my papers, sir, my clearance from the custom-house, and my bill of lading....... I observe,' replied the captain, examining the papers, they appear to be all correct.'"--Chap. xi. p. 73. MAUD CALLWELL.

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writing of the mountain-ash (chap. xvi. §2). remarks:

"Some highly commend the juice of the berries, which, fermenting of itself, if well preserved, makes an excellent drink against the spleen or scurvy: Ale and beer brewed with them, being ripe, is an incomparable drink familiar in Wales."

JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.

London in the Time of the Stuarts. By Sir Walter
Besant. (A. & C. Black.)

THIS handsome volume is a companion to the
'London in the Eighteenth Century' of the same
author, for which see 9th S. xi. 98 In our notice of
the previous volume we described the scheme of the
undertaking to which both works belong, but were
far from conjecturing the extent of the materials.
which had been collected. Jointly the volumes in
question embrace the period between the accession
of James I. and the passage of the Reform Bill.
Should enough matter remain, as seems to be the

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phesied from the personal interference of the
sovereign.
It is not in connexion with the greatest political
events that the volume is most edifying. These are
dealt with at full length in the histories to which
one ordinarily has recourse. Sir Walter is a pleasant
companion, however, when he is moved to indigna-
tion over the judicial murder of Alderman Henry
Cornish or the burning alive of Elizabeth Gaunt,
which, if performed centuries earlier, might have
brought additional infamy on the executioners of
Joan of Arc. A curious satirical print from the
British Museum, given p. 115, illustrates the arrest
of Jeffreys. Among the subjects discussed is witch-
craft, which appears, naturally, under the head
'Superstition.' In the same chapter may be found
many strange instances of credulity, some of which
our author is disposed to regard as imposture.
Sanctuaries' should be read in connexion with
The Squire of Alsatia' and 'The Fortunes of
Nigel.' In the chapters on The Plague' and 'The
Fire of London' we naturally come upon traces of
Pepys, Evelyn, and Defoe. In the case of the former
a strange and little-known tract, entitled 'The
Wonderful Yeare 1603,' is cited. A picture by
Mr. F. W. W. Topham, showing 'A Rescue from
the Plague,' is reproduced by the author's per-
mission. As a rule it is to the less-known autho-
rities and treatises that Sir Walter turns, and
much of what he says will be new to the vast
majority of readers. Once more the illustrations
add greatly to the value of the work and to the
delight of the reader. These are often from the
Crace and the Gardner collections, and from the
British Museum generally. Among the portraits re-
produced is one of James I., after Paul van Somer,
showing a wonderfully sensual and repulsive face,
bearing out, apparently, the scandalous suggestion
of Raleigh, which is said to have cost that great
man dear. As in the previous volume, the matter
is of varied interest and value, and the book
may be read with unending edification and
delight. That the third, and presumably con-
cluding, portion will be called for is not to be
doubted, and the owner of the perfect work will
be able to boast of an illustrated chronicle such as
has only become possible during the last decade.
What we regarded as a wild dream of Sir Walter-
to show in a connected form the evolution of the
world of Victoria out of that of Elizabeth or her
sire-seems on the point of realization.

case, to cover the reign of the Tudors, with the close of the Wars of the Roses, the suppression of the monasteries, the Pilgrimage of Grace, the alternate persecutions of Lutherans and Catholics, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and the intellectual and social upheaval under the reign of Elizabeth, we shall be content and thankful. Of this we hear nothing, however, at present, our immediate duty not extending beyond a welcome to the volume before us. Sufficiently varied and stimulating is the period dealt with to satisfy the most exorbitant appetite. Beginning with the Gunpowder Plot, the record includes the deaths, among others, of Walter Raleigh, Buckingham, Strafford, Laud, Monmouth, Lord Russell, and Algernon Sidney; the growth of difficulties between Charles I. and the civic authorities; the defeat, trial, and death of the king; the Commonwealth; the Protectorate, with all its attendant troubles; the Restoration; the great visitation of the plague; the Fire of London; the Titus Oates plot the persecutions of Jeffreys; the trial of the bishops; the flight of James II.; and the accession of William and Mary, ending with the rule, outwardly placid, of Queen Anne. Here alone, without descending to events of secondary importance, is "ample space and verge enough." It would obviously be impossible, but for the limitations Sir Walter had imposed on his scheme, to comprehend within a single volume any summary, even the most condensed, of all the matters opened out by these things. The limitations in question include, however, the enforced avoidance of all historical treatment and the omission of all literary record. Such mention, accordingly, as is made of Milton is in connexion with religion, and not with literature, while names such as Donne, Cowley, Cleveland, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar are not to be found in the index. Differing in some respects from those in the volume on the eighteenth century, the divisions in the present book begin with the Stuart sovereigns, of each of whom-with, in the majority of instances, their consorts, mistresses, descendants, favourites, or counsellors-portraits are supplied. A second division includes religion, government, &c., and a third, manners and customs. Between the second and third divisions is intercalated an account of the great Plague and Fire, which is likely to prove the most generally interesting portion of the volume; and at the close comes a series of valuable appen dixes. In what is virtually the seventeenth century Sir Walter finds the City of London at the height of its political importance, and he advances the opinion that not even "when London deposed Richard II. and set up Henry IV. was the City so closely involved in all the events of the time as in the seventeenth century." It is also obvious that between the beginning of the century and its close THERE is no subject on which the opinions of is a vast breach, in which are included the Civil men have changed more than family history War, the Commonwealth, the Restoration, the and pedigree lore. In the eighteenth and earlier Fire, and the final rejection of James II. and abso- part of the nineteenth century such studies lute rule, which events cover half the entire period. were held to form about the lowest stratum of It is to a great extent true that the first half of the useless knowledge. Sneers at them are met with century is a continuation of the sixteenth, while, in continually in the literature of those days, and are a sense, the second half is a preparation for the generally pointless and stupid. A notable Welsheighteenth. These things only bear out what we man once said, and was admired for the sentiment, have affirmed in connexion with the volume pre- that "family pedigrees were but a web woven by viously issued, that divisions such as are ordinarily nature in which the spider of pride lurked"; and used are purely arbitrary. In favour of the seven- Sir Walter Scott was sometimes made fun of, and teenth century Sir Walter claims that it secured at others denounced, because his verse and prose the country for two hundred years - and for an alike had a tendency to direct the thoughts of his indefinite period beyond, so far as can be pro-readers to family history, heraldry, and allied sub

The Blood Royal of Britain. Being a Roll of the Living Descendants of Edward IV. and Henry VII., Kings of England, and James III. of Scotland. By the Marquis of Ruvigny and Raineval. (T. C. & E. C. Jack.)

royalty itself. The Marquis mentions a butcher, a gamekeeper, a glass-cutter, an exciseman, a tollbar-keeper, a baker, and a tailor who are descendants, through the Seymours, of Mary, the younger daughter of King Henry VII.

In almost every direction care has been taken to make the work as complete as possible. Thus we have a little shield put against those persons who have a right to quarter the royal arms of the Plantagenets. It has often been assumed that all who inherit the blood have a right to the arms also; but this is a mistake, in order to guard against which we wish the author had explained what are the principles by which this right is protected. There is but one family-that of the Duke of Athol and his cousin Miss Caroline F. Murray-who have a right to this "unique distinction" three times over. This great compilation is well worthy of an extended commentary. We hope it will excite others to imitate it in directions which might be indicated. It must become a necessity for every one studying the history, and especially the local history, of the last four centuries.

MESSRS. ARROWSMITH, of Bristol, publish A Patience Pocket-Book, compiled by Mrs. Theodore Bent.

Notices to Correspondents.

jects. In its early days the Surtees Society was dream-figures-is as unimpeachable as that of ridiculed in influential quarters for publishing ancient wills, which were regarded as quite useless for those who possessed even a little common sense; and the reverence shown for illustrious descent by Sir Francis Palgrave in more than one passage in his 'History of Normandy and England' was said, at the time of publication, to have injured the sale of the work. A happy change has, however, taken place, and in | some degree, at least, we ought to thank our American cousins for the improvement. The educated classes of that great democracy were always free from some of those prejudices which overshadowed us, and were therefore anxious to connect themselves, not only in imagination, but in fact, with the families of the old land; so a large number of race-histories have been produced-some, at is true, executed on wrong lines, but others based on the soundest principles of modern research. We may safely say that no work of the nature of the one before us could possibly have come into exist ence half a century ago. The times were not ripe for it, nor was there a fitting architect to plan nor workmen to execute. It is the first book we have ever encountered wherein even an endeavour has been made to carry out on an extended and systematic scale the royal descents of the British people. The Marquis of Ruvigny does not go back beyond Edward IV. and Henry VII. He thus gives the families dependent from the Houses of York and Lancaster in the female lines, so far as unwearied research and hard work have enabled him to collect and arrange them. A like course has been pursued with regard to the descendants of James III. of Scotland Many families inherit the blood of the Plantagenets and Stuarts without being aware of the fact; but the Marquis's labours will be of special advantage to those who, while aware of their royal ancestry, do not know the intervening links between themselves and their distinguished progenitors. We wish it had been possible for the author to begin his work at an earlier period-say with Henry II. Human life and energy have, however, their limitations; we therefore dare not complain. We are too glad that so large an instalment has been carried out and done so well. The author tells us in the preface some facts which we are sure are unrecognized by many who have a special interest in knowing them. He enumerates, for example, some of the worldrenowned heroes, with all of whom the descendants of Henry VII. count kinship. He might have added others; but as it stands the catalogue is highly instructive. Among them occur Alfred the Great, St. Louis of France, Roderigo Diaz de Bivar (commonly known in England as the Cid), the Emperors of the East (Isaac II. and Alexius I.), and, by far the greatest of all, Charlemagne, to whom we owe the redemption of the greater part of the European continent from barbarism, and its return to such civilization as has been found attainable.

It has been commonly assumed by those who have never given attention to such subjects that royal descent is very uncommon, and that when it does occur it is found almost solely in the families of our older aristocracy, whose existence is well-nigh hidden in the crowded pages of the modern peerage. This is a strange mistake. We have personally known men and women in a very humble class of life whose descent from Alfred-and, indeed, from Odin and Arthur, if these latter be anything beyond

We must call special attention to the following notices:

ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith.

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rules. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. When answering queries, or making notes with regard to previous entries in the paper, contributors are requested to put in parentheses, immediately after the exact heading, the series, volume, and page or pages to which they refer. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate."

SIR E. T. BEWLEY.-" Heardlome" shall appear next week.

P. P. A. ("The sa. Quhat sa the? Lat them sa").--In its familiar form, "They say," &c., it is the motto of Aberdeen University."

S. PEARCE.-The death of "Henry Seton Merriwas noticed in the Atheneum of 28 November

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J. ELIOT HODGKIN.-Please forward new address. A proof sent was returned through the Dead Letter Office.

NOTICE.

Editorial communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries ""-Adver66 'The Pubtisements and Business Letters to lisher"-at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.

We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception.

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