10th S. I. FEB. 27, 1904.] NOTES AND QUERIES. the Hon. Sir Charles Stuart, fourth son of This I think must be a portrait of General the Hon. Charles William Stewart (afterwards Marquis of Londonderry), a celebrated character in his time. John Stuart commanded the English force at Maida. Charles Stewart, 50th Regiment, never attained the rank of a general officer. days a civet means, I believe, "jugged hare," and hare only; but as late as 1734 (Le Nouveau Cuisinier Royal et Bourgeois') directions are given for making civets not only of lièvre, but of cerf, biche, fan, and sanglier. The receipt for cooking venison in thus: "The stag is a wild animal, as every the aforesaid 'Nouveau Cuisinier' begins I still fail to see where M. one knows." Alexandre's joke comes in. FRANCIS KING. ENVELOPES (9th S. xii. 245, 397, 434, 490; 10th S. i. 57, 133).-Possibly the use of envelopes originated on the Continent. There is in the Bodleian Library a letter to the librarian, Joseph Bowles, from J. G. Eccard the historian, dated at (von Eckhart), Hanover, 11 July, 1721, which is enclosed in an envelope with four folds meeting in the W. D. MACRAY. middle, where it is sealed with his armorial seal. In 'Granby,' a novel of fashionable life by J. H. Lister, published in 1826, Lady Harriet Duncan observes, in regard to her letters: "No, no; take them [i.e. the letters] out of the envelop-there-thanks-and give them to me." (Chap. ix.) W. PICTON MORTIMER. ANATOMIE VIVANTE (9th S. xii. 49, 157; 10th S. i. 138).-I can find nothing whatever to warrant the statement that this lusus was ever exhibited at the Egyptian Hall. Neither Hone nor Timbs mentions it, and I still think that the writer in the Daily Telegraph has been led into error by the unsubstantiated version in 'Old and New London.' Seurat, in fact, prospered so happily at the Chinese Saloon, according to his own confession, that it would have been very foolish of him, unless compelled to do so, to covet two birds in the Piccadilly bush when he already had one in the hand in Pall Mall. If the authors of Old and New London' allude to the "PRIOR TO " (9th S. xii. 66, 154, 312; 10th S. i. account in Hone's 'Every-Day Book' as a short one, they are certainly wide of the 114).-This expression is familiar to many, as mark, for Hone devotes no fewer than four-occurring in Paley's definition of instinct, in teen columns to this wonderful prodigy. In the eighteenth chapter of his 'Natural Theoall these fourteen columns there is no mention logy,' the fifth edition of which was published of the Egyptian Hall, neither does Timbs in 1803: "An instinct is a propensity prior in 'Something for Everybody' allude to to experience and independent of instrucIt is, of tion." Seurat's being exhibited there. course, possible that he was, but at present some reliable evidence is desirable. J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. PECULIARS (9th S. xii. 69, 137).—Ilminster, Somerset, was a royal peculiar-the only one Until a in the diocese of Bath and Wells. few years ago the vicar held his own visitations, and was not under the jurisdiction of the bishop. The seal bears the effigy of the Duke of Somerset. C. T. "FIRST CATCH YOUR HARE" (9th S. xii. 125, 518).--There is little doubt that the "Pour faire un civet," &c., as quoted by R. Alexandre, is the equivalent jest in French for our "First catch your hare," but with this difference-that the humour of the one is wanting in the other. Whatever may be the modern (and limited) sense of civet, it did not by any means necessarily imply the use of a hare in the 'Cuisinier François' of 1651, from which Alexandre quotes. Nowa JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. J. T. F. MOON FOLK-LORE (10th S. i. 125).—In Berkshire also one has merely to look at the new moon and say: we say New moon, new moon, I hail thee! By all the virtue in thy body, Grant this night that I may see He who my true love shall be! In the third line of the North Lincolnshire version furnished by J. T. F. would not "ray" be "array" contracted into "'ray," as "rack" for "arrack"? Is it not also possible that the lines have become so much corrupted from the original as to have formerly contained some allusion to the "ray" of the moon? In a Bushman legend quoted by Dr. Bleek ('Brief Account of Bushman Folk-lore') the moon is a man who incurs the wrath of the sun, and is consequently pierced by a knife (the rays) of the latter, until there is only a piece of him left. Then he cries for mercy for his children's sake, and is allowed to grow again, until once more he offends his sunship, the whole process a cautious, sound, and successful surgeon. being repeated monthly. In parts of Ireland Hammond was for many years a surgeon of the people are said to point to the new moon repute at Edmonton. His name with a knife and say :known now as the doctor whose service Keats entered as a youth. New moon, true morrow, be true now to me, J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. RALEIGH ITS PRONUNCIATION (9th S. xii. 366, 497; 10th S. i. 90).-With all due deference to those gentlemen, it seems to me that the comments of MR. JOHN HUTCHINSON and MR. AVERN PARDOE simply beg the point at issue. How can one possibly now know with any sort of certainty how some problematical speech sounds of more than three centuries ago would be spelt by writers of the same period? Since we know how vowel-sounds have changed and are changing, there is surely very "good reason for supposing that the sounds of those syllables MR. HUTCHINSON refers to were not the same as now," One cannot very readily see how the word lamp, so far as its origin and derivation are concerned, could at any time in our history be pronounced lormp; yet we may find the spelling lawmp (in 1523), and the latter conjunction of letters would nowadays presumably find the former pronunciation (cf. saw, law, raw, &c.). For lawmp I refer to Blomefield's Norfolk,' vol. xi. p. 143: "a lawmp to bren before the Rode." As to ancient letter-sounds, and phonetic spelling of those sounds, one might suppose that rode, when written, would clearly rime with mode as now pronounced; yet I suppose there can be little doubt that in 1523 the sound of the conjoined letters rode would be the same sound as we now give to the conjoined letters rood, and that the meaning of rode in 1523 would be the same as the meaning of rood in 1904. A YORKSHIREMAN. SMOTHERING HYDROPHOBIC PATIENTS (10th S. i. 65). The following is from the MS. diary of Thomas Collinson, of Southgate, a nephew of the well-known botanist Peter Collinson: is well The extract, I think, proves unquestionably that both smothering and bleeding to death were accepted modes of treatment in dealing with incurable hydrophobists. JOHN W. FORD. Enfield Old Park. Charlotte Brontë, in 'Shirley' (published 1849), the scene of which is laid in the West Riding of Yorkshire, evidently describes the treatment awarded to these unfortunates in her day. The heroine, who has been bitten by a dog supposed to be mad, says to her lover : "In case the worst I have feared should happen, they will smother me. You need not smile: they will-they always do. My uncle will be full of horror, weakness, precipitation; and that is the only expedient which will suggest itself to him." C. M. H. There was a belief fifty years ago that people suffering with hydrophobia after a bite from a mad dog were smothered in bed as a protective measure, and that to do so was right and proper. There was then a good deal of talk about persons who had been treated in this way. Such things were said to be done, but none was positive about them. "So-and-so is dead." Yes, they had to smother him," was now and then to be heard in conversations. THOS. RATCLIFFE. TEA AS A MEAL (8th S. ix. 387; x. 244; 9th S. xii. 351). — I have found an earlier reference than any yet quoted in an anonymous manual of matrimonial manners, entitled 'The Husband, in Answer to the Wife' (London, T. Gardner, 1756), p. 31: "......cavils with her on the article of afternoons tea, and going out every other Sunday," &c. EDWARD HERON-ALLEN. The point can be pushed back a little further than 1763, the earliest definite date "February 1, 1795. Mr. Hammond observed that previously given. In a note to Sir Denis le 25 lb. of blood passed through the heart every Marchant's 'Memoir of Viscount Althorp' minute. This Mr. Cline, Surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital, had an opportunity of observing by the (p. 3), describing the romantic marriage on section of the carotid artery in two unhappy 27 December, 1755, of Mr. (afterwards Lord) subjects under hydrophobia. There were ten Spencer to Miss Poyntz, it is quoted from patients in all, eight of whom were cured; the letter written at the time" that "after tea other two, instead of being smothered, were the parties necessary for the wedding stole by degrees from the company." released from their misery by the above-mentioned method." Cline became Master of the College of Surgeons in 1815, and subsequently its president. Sir Astley Cooper was his pupil, and the Gentleman's Magazine refers to him as POLITICIAN. a CHINESE GHOSTS (9th S. xii. 305).—MR. PLATT says that he has learnt from his Chinese friend of those people's belief in their ghosts anxious but unable to learn if my descendants of Mount Nachi, Kii, Japan. never appearing outside Chinese territory, at the same time their settlements in other Countries being understood as their own berritories. That, however, some Chinese of old believed in their ghosts being able to appear in quite foreign lands would seem to be implied in the words of a servant of a certain Kwoh family. When he was compelled to change his master, he offered a sword, to be beheaded therewith, saying, "I would rather be a ghost amongst DOLORES, MUSICAL COMPOSER (10th S. i. 107). barbarians than obey an ignorant vulgar-Sir Walter Parratt informs me, master" (Sie Chung-Chi, 'Wu-tsah-tsu,' 1610, best authority," that the name Dolores is Japanese edition, 1661, tom. viii. fol. 28b). in no way connected with her late Majesty Nevertheless, the following passage (ibid., Queen Victoria. J. S. SHEDLOCK. tom. xv. fol. 29a) points to their general view that under ordinary circumstances spiritual Speaking from personal acquaintance, I or quasi-spiritual beings have certain regions can say no to MR. MOORE's query. under their influence :HAROLD MALET, Colonel. "The districts lying north of the river Yang-tsze abound with enchanting foxes, but those to its south with elves and dryads......While a mandarin of the Ma family, whose son was my class-mate, was supervising Cheh-Chuh, a province, he became enchanted by a fox. Finding all means of exorcism useless, and his health daily impairing, he renounced his office and went home. The spirit accompanied him so far as the river Hwui, but did not pass it to its northern side." The 'Annals of Japan,' completed 720 A.D., records General Tamichi, who had been killed in a battle with the Ainos, 367 A.D., to have appeared as a huge serpent and made havoc among the savages who tried to disturb his grave. So the ancient Japanese appear to have admitted their ghosts to be able to appear singly among very heterogeneous peoples. But that they held them to be influential only in limited portions of space we find in the 'Kôdan Shô,' written in the twelfth century (in Hanawa's 'Collection,' ed. 1902, Tokyo, tom. calxxxvi. p. 579). It is narrated there how the Japanese savant Kibi Daijin (693-775 A.D) outwitted all the artful Chinese who tried to kill him from their jealousy of his wide learning, through the timely advice and help of the ghost of Abe no Nakamaro, whom this story holds to have been starved to death precedingly by the jealous Chinese. "Those Chinese, who were greatly ashamed of their own intellectual inferiority to Kibi, held a secret council, and resolved to imprison and starve him on a high story where most prisoners could not live long......At midnight it began to storm and rain, and a ghost approached Kibi's room. Magically hiding himself wholly from the ghost's sight, Kibi asked the spirit, 'What are you who come near me, the minister sent by the august emperor of Japan?' The ghost replied, I am Japanese minister too, and shall be exceedingly glad to talk with you.......As soon as he was let in the ghost said, I was a minister sent to China, and have been 66 on the Miss Dickson-the sister of Major, afterwards General Sir Collingwood Dickson, V.C.-composed and published several songs, "the poetry by Longfellow, the music by Dolores," and I believe she composed other pieces under the same name. I often heard her play and sing the songs in the early fifties, before the Crimean War. J. S. D. I believe the lady who wrote songs under this name to have been Miss Dickson, the invalid sister of General Sir Collingwood Dickson. I had my information from her late sister-in-law about 1887. A. M. M. This was the pen-name of Ellen Dickson, daughter of Sir Alexander Dickson, born at Woolwich in 1819. See Brown and Stratton's 'British Musical Biography,' 1897, s.v. 'Dickson.' J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. MARLBOROUGH AND SHAKESPEARE (10th S. i. 127).-I have always imagined that Marlborough's avowal concerning his indebtedness to Shakespeare for all the history he knew was a common saying with the duke, and not one peculiar to any special occasion. The apophthegm occurs, I suppose, in the Memoirs,' written by the indefatigable Archdeacon Coxe. Prof. George Saintsbury, in his 'Marlborough' ("English Worthies," 1888, p. 4), remarks that this "is another of the anecdotes which only dulness takes literally. The son of the author of 'Divi Britannici' is nearly certain to have received historical instruction from the author of that work, though if Shakespeare's teaching stuck in his memory better, it is not to his discredit. The story, however, is of some value as illustrating the baselessness, easily proved from other sources, of a notion-often put forward in vulgar histories of literature and the stage-that Shakespeare was forgotten in England during the last half of the seventeenth century." In either case Corporal John, who made so much history on his own account, must have learnt more of his country's past achievements than many English boys do to-day. Sir Winston Churchill's book, referred to above, which was published in 1675, and dedicated to the king, purported to give some account of "the Lives of all the Kings of this Isle, from the year of the World 2855 until the year of Grace 1660." It moreover contained the arms of all the kings of England, which, Wood somewhat unkindly says, "made it sell among novices." A. R. BAYLEY. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. Great Masters. With Introduction and Notes by Sir Martin Conway. Parts V., VI., VII., VIII., IX. (Heinemann.) SINCE our last notice of this most brilliant and artistic series of reproductions of the masterpieces in the great public and private collections (see 9th S. xii. 479) five further parts, maintaining the same standard of artistic eminence, have been issued. It has already been said that each plate is in itself a gem, and worthy of the place to be assigned it in a portfolio or a frame, while the set will form, when complete, a noteworthy feature in any collection of works of art. So marvellous is the advance in art that process reproductions, at which the connoisseur was wont to look askance, are now gratefully accepted. By no other agency would it be possible for the man of moderate means to possess a collection of illustrations that enables him at his leisure virtually to saunter through a great and priceless gallery. Part V opens with Reynolds's often-engraved portrait of Lady Ann Bingham, from Lord Spencer's collection, exhibited in 1786, a half-length_companion to that of her sister Lady Spencer. In the same number are Rembrandt's 'Shepherds Reposing, from the National Gallery, Dublin; Van Dyck's Lords George Digby and William Russell, also from the Spencer Gallery; and Raphael's Madonna in the Meadow,' from Vienna. Of these the most interesting, though not the greatest, is the "parade picture" by Van Dyck, a triumph of aristocratic swagger and artistic beauty. Another Van Dyck of exquisite beauty is the portrait of Maria Luigia de Tassis, from Prince Liechtenstein's gallery, Vienna, which Sir Martin calls "one of the loveliest as well as the most convincingly human" of the master's portraits. Like other works of the Flemish period, it is painted wholly by himself without the aid of assistants. From the same gallery, and also in Part VI., appear The Man with the Sword of Frans Hals; Gainsborough's 'Miss Haverfield, from the Wallace Collection; and a Fête Champêtre' of Watteau, from the National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh, the last a superb specimen of the great eighteenth-century master. 'Adoration of Museum,, Amsterdam), Mabuse's the Magi' (Lord Carlisle's collection), and Rubens's 'Albert and Nicholas Rubens' (Prince Liechtenstein). The Hermitage Gallery, St. Petersburg, supplies Rembrandt's Portrait of a Polish Noble (Part VIII.), and the Berlin Museum The Duet' of Gerard Terborch and The Vision of St. Anthony of Padua' of Murillo. Morland's At the Door of the Dolphin' is from a picture in the possession of Mr. Arthur Sanderson.The Artist in his Studio,' by Vermeer, in Part IX., comes from a private collection in Vienna, and Carpaccio's St. Ursula's Dream from the Accademia, Venice. The Haarlem Museum supplies a remarkable specimen of Jan de Bray, and the Prado, Madrid, the equestrian portrait by Velasquez of the Infante Don Balthazar Carlos, originally in the royal palace of Buen Retiro. These various works, constituting a collection in themselves, are all produced in a style which has never been surpassed-never, indeed, in its line equalled. It will be satisfactory to many subscribers to learn that a specially designed frame, called the Great Masters' frame, which will present a continuous change of pictures, is issued by the publisher, with hinged and dust-proof back. This meets the only difficulty that confronts the possessor, that of exhibiting them in a convenient form without running the risk of damage. With the utmost care there is always some danger of designs of the dimensions of those supplied undergoing injury. A strong binding, even, scarcely meets the difficulty, as several volumes would necessarily be required. Hierurgia Anglicana. Edited by Vernon Staley. Part II. (De La More Press.) THE second part of the new edition of this liturgical work, now issued with revisions and considerable enlargements by Provost Staley, will have more interest than the first for the antiquarian and general reader, inasmuch as it treats of sundry church customs, which border on the region of popular antiquities and folklore. Processions, postures of worship, funeral customs, and church decorations are among the subjects which are illustrated by a multifarious gathering of quotations from old authors, whether friendly or (more generally) hostile to the observances discussed. More than half the extracts are additional matter now provided by the editor, and even these might be indefinitely increased by further research. It appears from the churchwardens' accounts here cited that incense, when used in churches in post-Reformation times, was almost always for the purpose of fumigation and disinfecting, or, as the phrase went, "to air the chapel." It is significant that it was frequently employed at funerals and in times of pestilence. The materials used for the purpose of censing were curiously miscellaneous, juniper, pack-thread (!), and tobacco among the number. Thus at Houghton le Spring, 1636, the churchwardens paid "For picke and tare [pitch and tar] to smoke the church, 1s." (p. 178); and at Loughborough, 1644, "for dressing the church after the souldiers and for frankincense to sweeten it, 2s. 4d." (p. 180). A little later Dr. Sherlock "found such an insufferable stench in the church from the dogs and swine that had frequented it that he was From the Prado, Madrid, comes Titian's equestrian obliged to order frankincense to be burned the day portrait of Charles V., one of the world's great master-before the solemnity that his congregation might not pieces, which, however, has had to undergo restora- be discomposed by such an unexpected nuisance tion. Included with it in Part VII. are 'The Cannon (p. 181); but his sanitary zeal only won for him the Shot' of Willem van de Velde the younger (Rijks | title of Papist. The editor points out that even in the Roman Church "the so-called 'liturgical use' of incense was unknown until the tenth century." The book is very carefully and handsomely printed; but we wonder what meaning Mr. Staley attaches to the words "ringing the bells' anker, as though there had been a scare-fire" (p. 267), which he quotes from Gurton's History of the Church of Peterborough.' Whoever is responsible for it, this is an obvious misprint for "ringing the bells auke,' or aukert (awkward), the old phrase for ringing them backwards, or in the wrong direction, which is still used in East Anglia when an alarm of fire is given. THE HISTORY OF THE BRITISH ARMY,' by Col. E. M. Lloyd, in the Quarterly Review for January, is an important paper written on modern lines, but perhaps not sufficiently detailed as to the earlier centuries, for when all is allowed for the developments of modern days it will be admitted, we imagine, by any one conversant with the facts that the army of this country differs in origin and history from that of continental states in being a far more direct growth from the levies of the Middle Ages. The standing army is an institution of relatively modern date; but we cannot point to any period when our military force was a new thing. It is stated on very high authority that during the Caroline civil war the number of men on each side was from sixty to seventy thousand, and this is thought to have been about three per cent. of the population. It is difficult to accept so high an estimate. There are no trustworthy data on which to base a calculation of the population of England between the years 1642 and 1660. Our own opinion is that it has been usually greatly underrated. We admit, of course, that the cities and large towns were much smaller than they are now, though they were for the most part densely crowded, but the villages, so far as we can ascertain, had in many cases a larger population than they have at present. Mr. W. C. D. Whetham's article on Matter and Electricity' is striking. It would have perturbed not a little the minds of the few who were wont to speculate on the ultimate nature of things but a few years ago. What, for example, would our grandfathers have thought of a passage like this? "Mass, or inertia, is the most constant and permanent characteristic property of matter; and having explained mass as due to electricity in motion, the physicist may well ask the metaphysical question, Has matter any objective reality? may not its very, essence be but a form of disembodied energy?" The people who blundered so strenuously over Berkeley's teaching regarding "substance," going so far as to call in question his honesty, or even his sanity, would have been not a little furious at suggestions such as this. They would have said that words were used in senses which conveyed no meaning whatever to the normal understanding, if, indeed, they had been content to restrain themselves from launching forth into mere ignorant vituperation. The Rev. M. Kaufmann's Que sçais-je' is an admirable account of the influence which Montaigne has exercised over the centuries which have succeeded him. It has, we are sure, been far greater than is generally understood. Many men who have never read a word of his writings, either in the original or our own vernacular, have had their minds impressed by ideas which he was the first to make popular. In the turbulent days in which Montaigne flourished-and, so far as we can see, lived a peaceful and contented life-it is not a little surprising that he did not suffer in person or estate for the latitude of his opinions. We do not believe he was consciously a timeserver, and he assuredly had no sympathy whatever with the violent thoughts and actions of the Calvinists; but, on the other hand, even without reading between the lines, we may conclude that he had but little sympathy with the established forms of belief, though it is probable that he preferred the old methods of worship to anything which the men of reforming zeal were likely to introduce as a substitute for them. He was a child of the Renaissance; indeed, one of the most distinguished ornaments of its later period; but that great revival of knowledge did not produce in him violence of speech or action. At a time when most men, whether of the old way of thinking or the new, could see nothing beyond the smoke of the pit overclouding the camp of their enemies, he had realized the virtue of tolerance; not, indeed, worked out on logical principles, but the result of much the same processes of thought as delight_us in More's Utopia.' We have in The Latest Lights on the Homeric Question' a well-considered study of a very old subject. We cannot accept all the writer's criticisms. We think, however, that the portion devoted to the 'Odyssey' is just, and nearly always accurate. We cannot say so much for the earlier pages, in which the genesis-or perhaps we should say the growth-of the 'Iliad' is treated. The notion that Homer may have "composed variations on his own theme" is, we believe, contrary to the manner in which poetry, alike early and medieval, has been produced. 'The Metric System of Weights and Measures,' 'Some Tendencies of Modern Sport,' and 'Mr. Creevey and his Contemporaries' are well worth reading. WE regret to hear of the death of CAPT. THORNE GEORGE, whose contributions have been pleasantly conspicuous during recent volumes. We are with out biographical particulars. intended to fill up the gaps in our collected editions MR. JOHN S. FARMER issues a first list of plays of Tudor dramatists, which he proposes to print by subscription should adequate support be accorded. The scheme has long commended itself to us and been advocated by us. Twelve volumes in all, the first of which will deal with John Heywood, are projected. Should these be successful, a second series will follow. Particulars may be obtained Drama Society, 18, Bury Street, W.C. through booksellers or from the Early English UNDER the direction of the Royal Society of Literature Mr. Henry Frowde is about to publish two interesting works. One is the Chronicles of Adam of Usk,' edited, with a translation and notes, by Sir E. Maunde Thompson. This contains the complete chronicle from 1377 to 1421. The unique British Museum MS., from which the same editor prepared an edition in 1876, was imperfect, ending with the year 1404 and lacking the concluding quire; and this was recently found among the Duke of Rutland's papers at Belvoir Castle. The other book is Queen Elizabeth and the Levant Company, the history of a diplomatic and literary episode of the establishment of our trade with Turkey, edited by the Rev. H. G. Rosedale, D.D., with many facsimile illustrations. |