66 by the Act of Parliament referred to, i.e., 8 George II. cap. 13. In the date "25" of the publication line of No. 2158 of the 'Catalogue of Satirical Prints in the British Museum' are distinct traces of a 4" under the "5"; this may be accounted for by supposing that Hogarth found it desirable to secure his copyright according to the Act, which gave protection to works published after or from 24 June, 1735. The great success of A Harlot's Progress' induced Hogarth to produce its fellow series. He caused advertisements to be issued which partly explain the history of the work and the mode of its publication. In the London Evening Post, 3 June, 1735, is the following:"The Nine Prints, from the Paintings of Mr. Hogarth, one representing a Fair [i.e., 'Southwark Fair, which is No. 1960 in the National Collection], and the others a Rake's Progress, are now printing off, and will be ready to be delivered on the 25th instant. Subscriptions will be taken at Mr. Hogarth's, the Golden Head, in Leicester Fields, till the 23 of June, and no longer, at half a guinea to be paid on subscribing [the etching called 'The Laughing Audience,' B.M. No. 1949, was given as a receipt], and half a guinea on the delivery of the prints at the time above mentioned: after which the price will be two guineas, according to the Proposal.-N.B. Mr. Hogarth was, and is, obliged to defer the publication and delivery of the above said Prints till the 25th of June, in order to secure his property, pursuant to an Act lately passed both Houses of Parliament, to secure all new-invented Prints that shall be published after the 24th instant, from being copied without consent of the proprietor, and thereby preventing a scandalous and unjust custom (hitherto practised with impunity) of making and vending base copies of original Prints, to the manifest injury of the Author, and the great discouragement of the arts of Painting and Engraving." This advertisement was repeated on 14 June, 1735. In the London Daily Post, 27 June, 1735, p. 1, col. 1, we may read the following: "Certain Printsellers in London, intending not only to injure Mr. Hogarth in his Property, but also to impose their base Imitations (of his Eight Prints of the Rake's Progress) on the Publick, which they, being oblig'd to do only [by] what they could carry away by Memory from the sight of the Paintings [which were, of course, exhibited at the Golden Head], have executed most wretchedly both in Design and Drawing, as will be very obvious when they are expos'd; he, in order to prevent such scandalous Practices, and that the Publick may be furnish'd with his real Designs, has permitted his Original Prints to be closely copied and the said Copies will be published in a few Days, and sold at 2s. 6d. each Sett, by T. Bakewell, Print and Mapseller, next Johnson's Court in Fleet Street, London." This attempt to take the wind out of the sails of the pirates by means of Bakewell and his versions of 'A Rake's Progress' was not entirely successful; but as the British F. G. S. The works of Samuel and Nathaniel Buck are recorded in Lowndes's 'Bibliographer's Manual' and elsewhere. The plates issued by the Bucks were probably faithful representations, and prove of special value in showing the extent of the destruction which has fallen to the lot of our castle ruins since the middle of the eighteenth century. Plates are to be picked up at prices ranging from half-a-crown upwards, views of towns being priced more highly. the large folding The best show of the fine castle plates is (or was) to be seen in the Midland Railway Hotel at Derby, where a room was panelled with some hundreds of the prints. I. C. GOULD. "Publisht according to Act of ParliaThis Act was amended in 1766 by 7 Geo. III. ment" refers, I believe, to 8 Geo. II. c. 13. from fourteen to twenty-eight years. These c. 38, which extended the time of protection Acts were probably repealed by the first Victorian Copyright Act. RALPH THOMAS, The reply at the second reference is correct; evidently an error in transcription was made. An excellent account of the work of the brothers Buck will be found in D.N.B.,' vii. 198. Any second-hand bookseller will report their engravings. I take it "published according to Act of Parliament " complies with clause 1 of the Copyright Act (Engravings), 8 Geo. II. c. 13, which states that all prints shall be "truly engraved with the name of the proprietor on each plate, and printed on every such print or prints." These words do not appear on some twelve The collection of instances at the last reference is of much value. The right answer is given, of course, in the 'New English Dictionary,' s.v. 'Draw,' sections 4 and 50. It is that drawn had both senses, viz., (1) drawn on a hurdle before hanging; and (2) eviscerated after hanging. Something depends on the date. Thus, all the examples at the last reference are later than 1440. But sense (1) is the older, the original, and the most common use. It began about 1330; and in 1568 Grafton says ('Chron.,' ii. 191): "Because he came of the bloud royall......he was not drawne, but was set upon a horse, and so brought to the place of execution, and there hanged." It is remarkable that Garnett was "drawn" in both senses; for he was "sentenced to be drawn, hanged, disembowelled, and quartered." This is given in the same storehouse, which is all too little consulted. Sense (2) is explained at section 50; but the examples are not numerous, and hardly one of them is quite certain. It seems to have arisen from using the old word in a new WALTER W. SKEAT. sense. TIDESWELL AND TIDESLOW (9th S. xii. 341' 517; 10th S. i. 52, 91, 190, 228, 278, 292, 316).— I am obliged to PROF. SKEAT for his note at the last reference. It is scarcely creditable to my acumen that I did not detect the misprint of u for n in his former note; had I done so, it would have been clear that he was dealing with operative letters, not mere symbols or ghost letters. I agree with him entirely as to the import ance of local pronunciation in general, but it is not always a guide to etymology. Thus Bridlington in Yorkshire, a station on the North-Eastern Railway, is locally pronounced "Burlington," but you will puzzle the booking clerk at King's Cross if you do not pronounce it according to the written form, which preserves the old meaning. Again, Ruthwell, a parish in Dumfriesshire, is pronounced locally "Rivvel," and I have seen it so written phonetically in documents of the thirteenth references are not at hand); but there can be or fourteenth century (unfortunately my no doubt that the name is really A.-S. ród wel, as the famous Ruthwell cross and the holy well remain to testify. In Wigtownshire the written form Kirkcolm (a parish) bears upon the face of it its dedication to S. Colum, but it is always pronounced "Kirkùm," and is sometimes so written in very early documents. It happens that here also is a carved cross and S. Colum's well." Another Scottish dedication to S. Colum-Kilmacòlm, in Renfrewshire-has suffered grievously from the name being painted up at the railway station "Kilmalcolm." Locally it is still pronounced correctly, with the stress on the last syllable =cil mo Coluim, "at the cell of dear Colum"; but railway officials and travellers accent the penultimate, which alters the meaning into cil maoil Coluim, "at the cell of Colum's servant." change in stress, and consequent obscuring Railway usage is also responsible for a of the etymology, of Carlisle, which rightly bears the accent on the last and qualitative syllable. HERBERT MAXWELL. I have just discovered a piece of evidence which makes it certain that, before the eleventh century, the suffix -welle_in_placenames had the meaning of field. In Domesday the town of Duffield, nineteen miles from Tideswell, and in the same county, appears as Duuelle. Here the prefix is the woman's name Duuua, which occurs in Domesday, or Duua (a woman's name?), found once in the Durham Liber Vitæ. The suffix -elle, for -welle, is translated by "field" in Duffield. Cold Wall, in Derbyshire, can only mean cold field. S. O. ADDY. In support of DR. BRUSHFIELD's contention that Tideswell was popularly named from the flowing and ebbing well situated there, I would draw attention to Joseph Hall's Mundus alter et idem,' published in 1607, and partially translated by Dr. King about a century later. Describing the fanciful country of Crapulia, he speaks of the hamlet of Marmitta as "watered by the river Livenza ; "AS THE OROW FLIES" (10th S. i. 204, 296).This is a common expression, used to signify that the distance is to be measured in a straight line on get from one place to another it is necessary a horizontal plane. If to to pass over a mountain the distance will be much greater than the distance measured as the crow flies. There are numerous cases in which disputes have arisen as to the mode in which a distance is to be measured. It may be that the measurement should be by the nearest public road, it may be by going up hill and down dale, or it may be as the crow flies. In order to avoid disputes in the construction of Acts of Parliament, the Interpretation Act, 1889, 52 & 53 Vict. c. 63, sec. 34, enacts "that in the measurement of any distance for the purposes of any Act passed after the commencement of this Act, that distance shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be measured in a straight line on a horizontal plane." See also section 231 of the Municipal Corporations Act, 1882. Every one has seen the crow flying home at the end of the day, going, as Dr. Brewer says, straight to its point of destination. The expression is often used in courts of law. Inner Temple. HARRY B. POLAND. WOMEN VOTERS IN COUNTIES AND BOROUGHS (10th S. i. 327).—It is not unlikely that the following was one of the instances in the mind of the late John Stuart Mill when he made his memorable speech in the House of Commons in favour of the enfranchisement of women. Prynne, in his 'Brevia Parliamentaria Rediviva,' refers to sundry earls, lords, nobles, and some ladies who were annual your valuable space. HARRIETT MCILQUHAM. information about women voters in Sydney See 4th S. xi. ; 6th S. iv.; 7th S. vi., vii. " EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. [Reply acknowledged also from ALICE COBBETT.] 1897, Mr. Hugh Leyborn Popham found in BIRDS' EGGS (10th S. i. 327).- On 3 July, the valley of the Jenessei river, in Siberia, the first recorded nest of the pigmy curlew or curlew-sandpiper. The four eggs which it contained are figured in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for that year (plate 51), of the discovery in the Ibis for October, and he himself described the circumstances therefore "fallen to one of our own country1898 (pp. 515-17). The "glory of it has men. So with the knot. Its eggs were North Georgian Islands, in Parry's first found, on what were then known as the Arctic Expedition, and again in abundance in Melville Peninsula, some years later, by the younger Ross-facts which NE QUID NIMIS might have easily ascertained had he consulted any standard authority, which, ordinary writer on zoological subjects ever however, is about the last thing that an thinks of doing. In other quarters he might as easily hear of the achievements of Alexander Theodor von Middendorff (who did not happen to be exactly a German), but as they concern Siberian exploration more than "birds' eggs," I need not dwell upon them here. A slight acquaintance, too, with the doings of English oologists during the last sixty or seventy years would show that the names of Atkinson, Dann, HarvieBrown, Hewitson, Hoy, Proctor, Salvin, Tristram, and, above all, Wolley, form a roll which cannot be approached by those of any other country. ANPIEL. It may be material to this subject, and to the letter thereon of NE QUID NIMIS, to state that my elder brother (now dead) made in his lifetime a collection of these, which I believe to be still in existence and to be of considerable value. It contained some eggs of the grasshopper warbler (a compara tively rare bird in this country), which he bought from the old woman who in those days-fifty or more years ago-sold cakes and sweets at The Wall" in front of Eton College, giving her only a halfpenny each for them, but knowing (though she did not) that they were worth quite half-a-crown each. I myself assisted my brother in all his egg rambles. EDWARD P. WOLFERSTAN. ་་ ARMS OF PIUS X. (10th S. i. 309).-Azure, in base a sea proper, over all an anchor of three flukes sable, fouled proper, ensigned with an estoile of six rays argent; on a chief of the last the winged lion of St. Mark of Venice, guardant and passant, holding in dexter paw a sword erect or, and between the paws an open book proper, inscribed, "Pax tibi Marce Evangelista meus," sable. EVERARD GREEN, Rouge Dragon. According to a rude sketch in an Italian newspaper, the arms of Pope Pius X. are, Gules, issuant from a base wavy an anchor palewise; in the centre chief a mullet argent. GEORGE ANGUS. St. Andrews, N.B. LATIN LINES (10th S. i. 248, 314).-Coronam would not rime with dona. We must take corona as a vocative, in apposition to Christe; and translate, "O Christ, Thou crown of the saints!" E. S. DODGSON. MR. STRONG'S emendations of the words sed and tuendo, in the first two lines of the inscription sent by DR. FOSTER, seem somewhat violent, and the latter quite unnecessary. I would suggest sede for sed, which is a much simpler restoration of the metre, and seems to me to give a better sense. The lines would then run either, "These [letters], the daughters of the King, are fixed in the seat of the mind that by them Thou, O Christ, mayest guard and refresh us sisters"; or else, "These [letters] are fixed in the seat of the King's daughter's mind that by them......" In the latter case the nun is described as the King's daughter; in either case the meaning is that the symbols are committed to memory in order to keep the good sisters sound in the faith. Such aids to memory blend a kind of recreation (irrores) with instruction (tuendo), though the latter verb may have also the meaning of protection, such being the object of this teaching. In the last sentence there is no need to assume, as MR. STRONG does, that there is a careless confusion between the two constructions dona nobis coronam and dona nos corona ("present to us a crown," a crown"); for corona is manifestly the present us with saints"; and hoc is the object to dona. vocative, "O Christ, Thou Crown of the 27 66 thereis, though it is by no means impossible In the last line etherneis may be meant for that æternus may be spelt two ways in three lines. W. E. B. MANITOBA (10th S. i. 206, 275).-Early in the seventies, when the Canadian Pacific Railway was doing much to bring the NorthWest Provinces before the people, I was stopping for a few days in a village of Eastern Canada. A resident of the little place corrected my pronunciation to Manitoba; and as he was alert on questions of the day, and also, through friends in the Government and the colleges, was in the way of hearing the educated as well as the popular usage, I think the pronunciation he gave may, in that early day, have been the scholarly and, so to speak, the official one. But as I have heard the word used since in Montreal and elsewhere, my strong impression is that the easier pronunciation, with accent on the penult, has gained the day in all classes. Here the name is rarer in speech, and authorities differ; but I note that in most recent books preference is given to Manitóba. M. C. L. New York City. "THE CROWN AND THREE SUGAR LOAVES" (10th S. i. 167, 214, 297).-Daniel Rawlinson appears to have been a staunch royalist. Dr. Richard Rawlinson, in a letter to Tom Hearne, the nonjuring antiquary at Oxford, says :— "Of Daniel Rawlinson, who kept the 'Mitre' tavern in Fenchurch Street, and of his being suspected in the Rump time, I have heard much. The Whigs tell this, that upon the king's murder, 30 January, 1649, he hung his sign in mourning; he certainly judged right; the honour of the mitre was much eclipsed by the loss of so good a parent to the Church of England."-Burn's Beaufoy Tokens,' No. 444. It must, however, have been only temporarily that the sign was known as the "Mourning Mitre," for it frequently occurs in the news "Mitre papers after the year 1700 as the " The " Mourning Bush " was known as 66 There's many a head stands for a sign; J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. As the very interesting communications at the second reference imply that the firm of Davison, Newman & Co. still exists, it may be well to place on record the fact that 44, Fenchurch Street, is not now a grocery establishment. F. W. READ. MITCHEL & FINLAY, BANKERS (10th S. i. 310).-I have in progress an index to the London rate-books, &c. It may interest SIR CHARLES KING to know that the Book of Names of Inhabitants of St. Mary, Woolnoth, and parts of St. Mary, Woolchurch Haw,' gives Charles Mitchell in 1789 and 1795, also a James Mitchell in the same years. As the registers of this parish are printed down to 1760, I did not think it necessary to index this book before 1750. 80, Chancery Lane, W.C. GERALD MARSHALL. For "Shelburne Lane, n' ye Post Office, BASS ROCK MUSIC (10th S. i. 308).-George, FAIR MAID OF KENT (10th S. i. 289).-For her eldest son, Sir Thomas Holland, second Earl of Kent, see 'D.N.B.,' vol. xxvii. p. 157, and for her third son, Sir John Holland, first Duke of Exeter and Earl of Huntingdon, the same vol., p. 147. The former's daughter Margaret, first Countess of Somerset, was mother of Joan Beaufort, Queen of James I. of Scots, and ancestress of all the later kings of Scotland (xxix., 240). Eleanor Holland, Margaret's eldest sister, married Roger de Mortimer (vi.), fourth Earl of March and Ulster (xxxix. 145), thus becoming ancestress of the House of York. The Lady Margaret, mother of King Henry VII., was daughter of John Beaufort, first Duke of Somerset, by Margaret, widow "FOLEIT'" (10th S. i. 309).-We shall not ing impossible origins. The Lat. foliatus is arrive at the sense of this word by assignF. feuillé, Anglo-French foilé, and cannot possibly give a F. word beginning with fol. The Lat. folare would merely give folé, foulé, and does not help us with respect to the suffix. It is more likely that we have to do with some derivative of follis. The F. poil follet means "down"; and follet meant 'foolish, soft." However, Godefroy's O.F. Dict. gives: "Folet, follet, adj., qualifying a sort of silk; a. i. feuillage d'espine,' and also sb. m., as in as in Coustepointe traciee de soie follete 'donner a un drap blanc qui sera taint en folet autre liziere que blanche.' These quotations are dated 1316 and 1406 respectively. Mistral gives the modern Prov. péu fouletin, down; and notes that fouletin also appears as foulatin, foulati, fouletil, fulati. The difficulty is in the suffix -eit; we should expect foleit' to result from a Latin follectum. WALTER W. SKEAT. TORPEDOES (10th S. i. 286).-The following extract from my History of Bampton' is copied from an old manuscript scrap-book which belonged to a youth named Tinklar, an officer on the ship Maidstone : down from New York for the destruction of His "The American Torpedo boat, which was sent Majesty's Ship, Maidstone, at anchor off Gardener's Island. resembling a turtle floating just above the surface of Berrian. torpedo having been driven on shore close to "June 22, 1814.-Received information of the Oyster Pond, Long Island, where she was completely destroyed by the boats of the Maidstone and Sylph. The militia had collected on the neighbouring heights, and kept a sharp fire of musketry had effected a landing, when the militia immediately on the boats until a small detachment of marines decamped with unaccustomed rapidity. Pursued |