compare such names with the French Téméraire, or with our Dauntless and the like. H. K. "PERIDOTE."-A peridote is said to be a kind of chrysolite, a precious stone more or less like topaz. There is a notice of it in the Daily Telegraph of 26 April, p. 12, col. 1. This concludes with the remark that the name "has long been the cause of struggling among philologists. Some pin their faith to the derivation Teрidoтos, a wager; others swear by TepideTos, banded. The Goldsmiths' and Silversmiths' philologist dogmatically states that the word is derived from Feridet,' a precious stone." The remark is hardly fair, for no philologist would accept these suggestions of a Greek origin. The word is obviously Eastern. What is meant by "Feridet" we are not informed. However, when we compare the modern Pers. ferseng with the Old Pers. Tapaoáyyn, as preserved in a Greek dress, the supposition that in peridote corresponds to a modern The M.E. perydote, in Emare, 1. 155, is [See also 8th S. i. 180, 296, 361, 423, 518; 9th S. vi. 348, 414; vii. 215.] ALEXANDER PENNECUIK, GENT.-In 1717 Richard Steele was one of a commission of twelve appointed to visit Edinburgh with the object of confiscating the lands of those nobles and gentlemen who had been concerned in the rebellion of 1715. Steele was splendidly entertained in the northern cipital, and received a special welcome from No men of letters Allan Ramsay and Alexander Pennecuik. In the monograph on Steele which he contributed to the "English Worthies" series, Mr. Dobson calls Pennecuik แ an unknown Alexander Pennicuik, gentleman,' author of a volume of 'Streams from Helicon.'" This worthy seems to have been rather notorious than unknown in his own day, and he has his appropriate place in Scottish literary history. He figures in the biographical dictionaries of Chambers and Joseph Irving, and he is estimated with characteristic fairness and lucidity in Dr. David Irving's posthumous History of Scotish Poetry.' The critic justifiably considers the Streams from Helicon not "always very pure streams," and he thinks is recorded the election of Prof. Jowett as My name is Benjamin Jowett, And what I don't know isn't knowledge. And all nebulous films the remotest unravel, LUCIS. following cutting from the Sun of 25 April charged on Saturday at Stratford with begging. years of a century we are apt to forget that Comets,' published in 1902, I inadvertently beginning of the present year, into "The finest comets of the nineteenth century were "those above named. The other work referred to (of great interest to all lovers of nature) is 'The Country Month by Month,' by Mrs. Visger (née Owen, under which name her portions appear) and Prof. Boulger. In the second edition, published in 1902, we read, at p. 107, "this so-called 'flowering currant,' introduced from North America within the present century." I believe two species of Ribes are included in the Ribes speciosum. The former was brought this description, the Ribes sanguineum and into this country (according to Paxton) in 1826, and the latter in 1829. Undoubtedly, Prof. Boulger meant the last, not the present (twentieth) century. W. T. LYNN. 66 WALNEY ISLAND NAMES.-At 8th S. xi. 365 the late CANON ISAAC TAYLOR refers to a curious explanation of the name "Cove o' Kend" (not Cove o' Ken), which appears as the name of an enclosure near Biggar, on Walney Island, on the six-inch O.S. map of Lancashire, sheet 21, surveyed originally in 1847, and perpetuated on the O.S. maps engraved in 1895. As a matter of fact, Cove o' Kend" is found on an old chart dated 1737, as the name of the enclosure referred to, and thus the modern surveyors cannot be blamed for the "absurd blunder" which the chart-maker of 1737 appears to have originated. In a list of field-names in 1805 of an estate at Biggar, on Walney Island, the name appears as "Colvac End" or "Calvac End." These words are not pronounced "Coaf Hook End" by the natives of Walney Island, but Calvac End-the first a as in 'call, and the silent as in "calf." Another place-name adjoining Calvac End is spelt on the O.S. maps "Cove Hakes," which appears to be an attempt at the local pronunciation of "Colv-heaks "-pronounced in a breath quickly. It is impossible to put in type the exact local sounds, but I would suggest that the word "Colvacs " is meant, and that the plural form here given represents the possessive. In the Furness dialect there is no apostrophes to represent the possessive case—e.g., "Tom wife," "Colvac End," "Ashburner wife ford," except, as in the case of "Colyacs," when the thing possessed is omitted. Who this Colvac may have been it is impossible to say, but it is not unreasonable to infer a settler from the Isle of Man, or Ireland, where the word was a common proper name. The Isle of Man can be distinctly seen from Walney. HARPER GAYTHORPE. Prospect Road, Barrow-in-Furness. abroad. The Italian Bibliographical Society, with the aim of contributing to this noble deed of reparation, has decided to co-operate in the restoration of the lost treasures, according to its particular competence, namely, gathering material for the reconstruction of a collection of Italian and foreign bibliography, which has been completely destroyed. This project, having been submitted to the judgment of the Principal of the National Library of Turin, has been heartily approved. Considering one of the greatest helps to scholars to be the consultation of catalogues of libraries and archives, and of the bibliographical works belonging to scientific institutions of every country, the Committee named for that purpose by the Italian Bibliographical Society appeals for copies of bibliographical works. The volumes should be forwarded to the Società Bibliografica Italiana, care of the National Library in Milan. Each work will have a special ex-libris inserted in it, with the name of the donor; and the National Library of Turin will be presented with an album containing a list of the donors as well as of their gifts. GIUSEPPE GIACOSO. Società Bibliografica Italiana. "ASHES TO ASHES" IN THE BURIAL SERVICE.-These well-known words occur in the Collect read while the earth is cast upon the body, and are coupled with "earth to earth and "dust to dust." At first sight they seem to imply or record the rite of cremation, for an ash is usually something burnt out. Does ash mean metaphorically a light of life extinguished? or is it merely a way of expressing nothingness, as in Genesis xviii. 27, where Abraham says that he is but "dust and ashes"? The references in the margin there give instances of dust, but none of ashes so used elsewhere. It appears from various Brixham Harbour. If there is any further commentaries that the prayer in question information available I should be glad to dates from 1552 in its present form. I should have it. be glad to learn of the earliest trace of the A. J. DAVY. phrase, and its original, which is presumably Torquay, Greek or Latin. I may add that I have consulted The Teacher's Prayer-Book,' 'The PrayerBook, its History,' &c., by Evan Daniel, and Proctor on the Book of Common Prayer' in vain for light on the point. HIPPOCLIDES. AUTHORSHIP OF LINES.-What is the authorship of the following (I am quoting from memory, and I am afraid I have not got the lines quite accurately) ?— Crime enough is there in this city dark. Who is the author of the line?— Thou hast conquered, O pale Galilæan. [The latter is from Mr. Swinburne's 'Hymn to Proserpine': 'Poems and Ballads,' First Ser. p. 7.] "THE RUN OF HIS TEETH."-This phrase is current in conversation, especially in connexion with the appointment of a club secretary who has an annual income and the right to take his meals in the house. Has it appeared in print? Has it a history? When was it first used? H. T. 'THE BAILIFF's Daughter of Islington.'I want to know all there is to be known about this ballad, and shall be glad of any information. What is its date? Is it founded on fact? Where are the best complete versions to be found? or can any reader give one? Is there a history of Islington? OXSHOTT. [We can only advise you to consult Percy's Reliques,' iii. 177, Ritson's Ancient Songs,' ii. 134, and Child's English and Scottish Ballads,' iv. 158, in all of which it will be found. If you supplied an address for publication, you would probably have a copy sent you. It is too long for our colunins. The original title is True Love Requited; or, the Bailiff's Daughter of Islington.' The books we mention are in most good public libraries.] COFFIN HOUSE.-In King Street, Brixham, there stands a detached house, bearing a sign with the following inscription:-"Ye Olde Coffin House. Only one in England." It is built in the shape of a coffin-hence, I presume, its designation. tion I could gain on the spot was that it was All the informareputed to be upwards of 600 years old, and to have been the first house in which the Prince of Orange stayed after he landed at EASTER SUNDAY IN 1512 AND 1513.-Will some one be good enough to tell me upon what dates (O.S.) Easter fell in the years 1512 and 1513? Also, what would be the anniversary date (N.S.) of Easter in the latter year? Easter may have come on 27 March (O.S.). I think, but am not sure, that in 1513 If the Gregorian calendar had then been in use, would that date have been, or would its proper anniversary now be, 6 April or 8 April? I should put it as 6 April, arguing that, as the Julian calendar was then ten days behind true time, the same difference of ten days would continue through all anniversary days. But a valuable reference book issued late in the last century gives the date 1513. If I am right as to the O.S. date of of a certain event as Easter Sunday, 8 April, which had accrued before 1900 must have Easter in that year, the error of twelve days been counted. of the same event as Easter Sunday, 1512 Another book gives the date New York. came M. C. L. tradition that the people of Eireland, or IBERIAN INSCRIPTIONS IN HIBERNIA.-The Hibernia, once from the Iberian peninsula is very ancient. Has any coin or of an old ruin, in Eireland? Has an essay other object bearing an Iberian inscription been discovered in the soil, or inside any bit been published on the resemblance in form of the Iberian letters to those of the Etruscan and the Runic alphabets? E. S. DODGSON. identify the THE ARMSTRONG GUN.-Can any reader referred to in the Western and other papers Mr. H. Drake frequently as the original inventor of a cannon which and afterwards adopted under the name of was rejected by the Committee of Defence, Armstrong " W. H. H. your readers kindly refer me to a list or chantries, &c., now or sometime dedicated to St. Thomas, with date or approximate date, and particulars of any special local reason for the dedication (such as a reported notable miracle) or of any connexion with special VOWS or pilgrimages to the shrine of St. Thomas. Note of any wells or "waterings " of St. Thomas, and of cures or special properties attributed to the water, will also be greatly appreciated. H. SNOWDEN WARD. Hadlow, Kent. BRADLEY, CO. SOUTHAMPTON : CLARK FAMILY.-In the 'Calendar of State Papers,' 23 January, 1630, there is a letter of Sir H. Wallop to the Council relating endeavours made by himself and his under-sheriff to remove Ths. Taylor out of the manor house of Bradley, and to give possession to Sir Kenelm Digby as his Majesty's farmer thereof. Resistance was made with fire arms; sheriff's party answered with ordnance, but were ultimately obliged to retreat. The old manor house of Bradley, a parish near Preston Candover, co. Southampton, has marks in ancient beams of the roof said to have been made by Oliver Cromwell's soldiers in the Civil War, but no proof of this has ever been found. Again, a family of the name of Clark, in this and adjacent places, are stated to have descended from the second wife of Richard Cromwell. Are both or either of these legends by mutual confusion mixed up with the trouble at Bradley in 1630? If so, Cromwell's army must give way to the officers of the Star Chamber. Bradley is a commonplace name in Hants, but the above is the only parish of this VICAR. name. HUNTINGTON: Courteney: HONE.-In his 'Visitation of Devonshire' (p. 247) Col. Vivian records that John Courteney, of Ottery St. Mary, son of Sir William Courteney, of Powderham, married Thomasine, daughter and heir of Nicholas Huntington. In Carewe's 'Scroll of Armes' (published in connexion with the Devon Notes and Queries) occurs the following: "Er., bet. 2 bendlettes, 3 water bougets in bend. Huntington. This coate standethe impaled wth Joh. Courtney in Awtree Church on a pillar in brass." In the will of Robert Hone, of Ottery St. Mary, 13 October, 1540, we read : "I forgive all debts due to me by reason my wife was ex'rix to John Huntisdon." In connexion with this will on 31 Jan., 1581, a commission was granted to Roger Courtney, next of kin of said deceased, to administer goods not fully administered by Joan the relict; and this, although one or more of Hone's daughters still lived. It seems probable from other references in the abovementioned will that Joan was the widow of John Huntisdon or Huntington (perhaps of Honiton) when she married Robert Hone. I should be glad of any information concerning these Huntingtons, or anything throwing light on the kinship of the Courtney's and Hones. It is by the way, but there is in the Courteney pedigree in inserting a some reason to believe that there is a mistake John Courteney between John, who married Thomasine, and Roger. This Roger was very poor at the time of his death, and had who married Thomas Prust. I should like to had two children, William, and Thomasine, trace this latter William Courteney. Conimportance prior to the eighteenth century, sidering how many Courteneys there were of there are very few wills of the family preserved in the courts where they would natu(Mrs.) ROSE-Troup. rally be sought. Beaumont, Ottery St. Mary. BRISTOW ON EUGENE ARAM.-Among the authorities given for the life of Eugene Aram by Dr. Garnett, in the 'D.N.B.,' is "Bristow's contemporary account, Knaresboro', best ed., Richmond, 1832." I possess a copy of this best edition, wherein the editor (p. 47, note) complains that the original compiler suppressed Aram's second confession, "with no friendly intention." Can any particulars be found about the original compiler, Bristow, or the editor of the Richmond edition of 1832? Has the "second confession" been published? JAMES HOOPER. Norwich. OUR OLDEST MILITARY OFFICER. Can any correspondent inform me which British military officer now living was the earliest to receive his commission? DUNHEVED. "HUMANUM EST ERRARE."-1s the source of this quotation known? Terence has "Censen' me hominem esse ? Erravi." Thucydides has ἀνθρωπίνως ἁμαρτάνειν, and there is a similar expression in the 'Cyropædia,' which seems to show that the idea was a commonplace from very early times; but the earliest occurrence of the phrase itself (though in another language) that is known to me is in the letters of Severus of Antioch (early sixth century), who has "it is human to sin," which, through the ambiguity of auapráve, is the same thing, and I should be glad to know whether this expression is a mere coincidence, or was derived from Severus from some written source. If the latter is the case, it would probably come from Menander, whose gnomic sayings were well known to the ecclesiastical writers of this time; but, if I knew where the Latin phrase is first found, I should have a better chance of tracing it to its source. I have tried several Latin lexicons and tionaries of quotations without result. Beylies. E. W. B. AMERICAN LOYALISTS. (10th S. i. 269, 313.) rican colony. In July of 1783 a Commission of five members was appointed by Parliament to classify the losses and services of the Loyalists. This Com(1) Those who had rendered services to Great mission divided the Loyalists into six classes : Britain; (2) those who had borne arms against the Revolution: (3) uniform Loyalists; (4) Loyalists resident in Great Britain; (5) those who took oaths of allegiance to American states, but afterwards dic-joined the British; (6) those who took arms with the Americans and later joined the English army and navy. They then examined the claims with an impartial and judicial severity which the Loyalists denounced as an inquisition......The Commission sat at first in England, but soon realized that, to give fair opportunities to all classes of claimants, it would be necessary to go to them. Thereupon Dundee and Pemberton went to Nova Scotia, and John Anstey to New York. Between the years St. John's, Quebec, and Montreal. 1785 and 1789 these Commissioners sat in Halifax, course of their work they examined claims to the In the whole amount of forty millions of dollars, and ordered nineteen millions to be paid. At first the per cent. that was granted was not fixed, but later Pitt's plan was adopted, which fixed by schedule the per consideration to the small losers than the great. cent. of approved losses to be paid, giving greater If to the cost of establishing the Loyalists in Nova Scotia and Canada we add the compensations granted in money, the total amount expended by the British Government for their American adThere is every evidence that the greatest care that herents was at least thirty millions of dollars. human ingenuity could devise was exercised to make all these awards in a fair and equitable THESE were a long-suffering people. For a decade before the Revolution they had been tarred and feathered and otherwise illtreated; after the outbreak of the war they were banished, their estates were confiscated, and they were thrown overboard in the treaty of peace. Yet two such ardent patriots as John Adams and Thomas McKean, both of whom signed the Declaration of Independence, agreed in 1813-15, at which time the passions engendered by the war had somewhat subsided, that "full one third [of the American people] were averse to the Revolution" ('Works of J. Adams,' x. 63, 87, 110). Much has been written about the Loyalists, though no exhaustive work on the subject has yet appeared. The following list comprises the chief books and articles of value: - Davis, Andrew McF., The Confiscation of John Chandler's Estate (190). manner." Boston, U.S. ALBERT MATTHEWS. to investigate the claims of the Loyalists. In 1783 Parliament appointed a Commission The Commissioners made twelve reports, which will be found among the proceedings which latter year the proceedings were wound of Parliament during the years 1783-1890, in up. The reports will doubtless be found in Flick, Alexander C., Loyalism in New York.- any of the large libraries which were in 'Columbia University Studies in History, Eco-existence at the time. One of the Commisnomics, and Public Law' (1901), xiv. 1-281. Ellis, George E., The Loyalists and their For; tunes.-Narrative and Critical History of America' (1888), vii. 185-214. Ryerson, Adolphus E., Loyalists of America and their Times (1880). Sabine, Lorenzo, American Loyalists (1842); and Biographical Sketches of the Loyalists of the American Revolution (1864). Tyler, Moses C., The Party of the Loyalists in the American Revolution.-American Historical Review, October, 1895, i. 24-45. Van Tyne, Claude H., Loyalists in the American Revolution (1902). Wilmot, John E., Historical View of the Commission for enquiring into the Losses, Services, and Claims of the American Loyalists (1815). The following extract, which is based on work, "Historical View of the Commission sioners, John Eardley Wilmot, published a for Inquiry into the Losses, Services, and Claims of the American Loyalists, &c., with an Account of the Compensation granted to them by Parliament in 1785 and 1788. London, 1815." Legislative Library, Toronto. AVERN PARDOE. EASTER DAY BY THE JULIAN RECKONING (10th S. i. 324, 352).-If C. S. H. will kindly consult a Julian calendar for this year, he will see that by that reckoning D, C are the Dominical Letters. By the Gregorian reckon"After the peace, over five thousand Loyalists ing, 1 January was a Friday and the first submitted claims for losses, usually through the Sunday in the year was 3 January, so that agents appointed by the refugees from each Ame-C was the Sunday Letter until the end of |