Notes and Queries

In 'The

"BISK" (9th S. xii. 186, 375). Book of the Table' is this derivation :"Bisque-biset, old French for wood-pigeon; derived from bois, whose root is the Low Latin boscus, whence the English bosk, busk, bush, and the French bisque, bois, buis, and buisson." As the stock of crayfish soup appears originally-whatever may be the case now in the exquisite "Potage à la Bisque" served at the Café de la Paix, Paris-to have been made of pigeon stewed down, the soup seems to have derived its name therefrom. HELGA.

ANATOMIE VIVANTE (9th S. xii. 49, 157).MR. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL says that a writer in the Daily Telegraph of 31 December, 1902,......seems to be in error in saying that the 'Anatomie Vivante' was exhibited at the Egyptian Hall"; but in 'Old and New London (Cassell & Co., 1890, vol. iv. p. 257) it is stated: "Here [Egyptian Hall], in 1825, was exhibited a curious phenomenon known as the Living Skeleton,' or 'the Anatomie Vivante,' of whom a short account will be found in Hone's 'Every-Day Book.'

EDWARD LATHAM.

SALEP OR SALOP (9th S. xii. 448; 10th S. i. 97). A similar question, with replies, will be found in 7th S. vi. 468 and vii. 34. To what has been already said let me add that salep is not always obtained from the orchid-tuber. The late Dr. Aitchison, who accompanied the Afghan Delimitation Commission during 1884, showed-see 'Annals of Botany,' iii. (1889), p. 154-that the source of badsha, or royal salep, is a species of Allium-probably A. macleanii. I. B. B.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. Early English Printed Books in the University Library, Cambridge (1475 to 1640). 3 vols. (Cambridge, University Press.)

THIS important contribution to bibliographical knowledge grew, as the compiler tells us, out of an earlier and a different scheme. It was accomplished in spite of innumerable difficulties, not the least of which were the limitations of the library itself and the gaps inevitable in the University collection, which are frankly stated to be enormous. As the

labour progressed its scope enlarged, and new matter was constantly introduced into the text. There are few conscientious workers who will not only at the conclusion of the work "did it begin to greet with a sympathetic sigh the statement that be apparent on what lines research was desirable." Part I. consists of incunabula, which are divided into books printed at Westminster, Oxford, St. Albans, and London, with others printed abroad at Bruges, Cologne, Venice, Antwerp, Louvain, Paris, Rouen, Basle, Deventer, and one place unknown. But small in this department is the collection, the catalogue occupying only 33 pages of the 1,700 and odd of the entire work. Most of the early books are, moreover, imperfect, and some of them are mere fragments. Of the 'Curial' of Alain Chartier, translated by William Caxton, there is thus but a single leaf, and of The Four Sons of Aymon' there are but four leaves. Some of the works are unique; and we the collection or its interest, though many curious are not dreaming of disparaging the importance of lessons might be drawn from its shortcomings. The incunabula printed abroad consist largely of Breviaries and Missals. Much labour has necessarily been expended upon the volumes. We wonder if it is ungracious to wish that a little more had been bestowed, and that an index of authors had been supplied at the end, so that we might discover in an instant what works are or are not included in the collection. We might then without difficulty find out what books, if any, of distinguished writers or, indeed, of alumni of the University-it may possess. In a glance through, which does not pretend to be more than cursory, we have come upon Lydgate, and Gower often occur; but it would be no mention of Shakespeare or Milton. Chaucer, a task of difficulty to ascertain what editions of Chaucer's works are to be found. Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' is traced by turning to Berthelet, by whom the only accessible edition is issued, and Barclay appears under Cawood, 'Stultifera Navis.' On the other hand, much information not elsewhere easily accessible is given in the shape of printers' marks, exact situation of their premises, and the like. All bibliographers will desire to possess the three volumes. To those, if there are any such, who propose to continue the invaluable labours of the Brunets, Quérards, Barbiers, Lowndeses, &c., they will be of immense value. It is, however, a sad fact that bibliographical labours on an extensive scale are which we refer are out of date as regards the unremunerative, and though the great works to information they supply, we see no probability of their being brought up to the present time. We are not sure, even, that some great works of the past are suitable to modern requirements. Works such as the present must, however, always have value, and cannot easily be out of date. They constitute to the worker a species of mémoires pour servir, in which respect their value cannot easily be overestimated. Old Time Aldwych, Kingsway, and Neighbourhood. By Charles Gordon. (Fisher Unwin.) It is natural that advantage should be taken of the great alterations in progress between the Strand and Holborn to write a volume concerning the districts now in course of being swept away. Mr. Charles Gordon, to whom is due a History of the Old Bailey and Newgate, is first in the field, and has issued through Mr. Fisher Unwin an account of the movements being carried out and a record of the historical aspects of the region invaded.

10th S. I. FEB. 13, 1904.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

As the work is liberally illustrated, it forms an
interesting souvenir of spots which all living
Londoners recall, and an indispensable portion of
every library dealing largely with what are called
Concerned as it is with legislation
Londiniana.
regarding the new streets to be erected, with
conditions of competition, and with the compensa-
tion to be accorded to the owners of property, such
as the Gaiety Theatre and the Morning Post, the
early part, though important, is of limited interest.
Much of the text is made up of reports of pro-
ceedings of the County Council and of the in-
effectual attempt to induce that body to recon-
sider a portion of its scheme.

Not until the fifth chapter is reached do we come
upon the philological and historical portion of the
work, upon the reasons for the selection of the
name Aldwych and the description of Danish and
Norwegian influence in London, and especially of
the Danish settlement around St. Clement's Church.
What COL. PRIDEAUX says in N. & Q.,' 9th S. ii.
81, concerning the village of Eldwic or Aldwic,
known later as Aldewych, and of Via de Aldewych,
connecting it with the Hospital of St. Giles, is
quoted. We hear much of the practice of nailing
the skins of Danes upon the doors of churches. The
maypoles of later times, around which Nell Gwyn
may have danced, are depicted; and there is an
account of the procession of the "Scald Miserable
Masons" on 27 August, 1742, or, preferably, on
7 April of the same year. Very many antiquarian
subjects are discussed in a gossiping fashion.
Fiction is also employed, and a curious proof of
the influence of Dickens is furnished in the inser-
tion of long descriptive passages from his pen.

On Saying Grace. By H. L. Dixon, M.A. (Parker
& Co.)

MR. DIXON has put together a very complete and
scholarly little treatise on the origin and growth of
the pious custom in which acknowledgment is made
of a Higher Power who provides man with his
daily sustenance, and to whom, consequently, a
meed of gratitude is due. In a catena of passages
from classical writers and the Fathers of the Church
he traces the historical development of the institu-
tion from remote antiquity, quoting a remark of
none but Epicureans began their
Even that
Athenæus that "
meals without some act of religion.'
backward people the Ainus, according to Mr.
Batchelor (whose name, by the way, is misspelt by
Mr. Dixon), have a rude form of grace, in which
they thank the Divine Nourisher for the food of
which they are about to partake. The formula of
a large number of college graces are given, which a
little more trouble on the part of the author would
have made complete. We miss, for example, the
ancient form in use at Trinity College, Dublin,
which bears a general resemblance to that used at
Clare College, Cambridge. There seems to be a
letter redundant in the phrase "libare paternam
Jovi" as cited by Mr. Dixon (p. 75).

The Story of the Token. By Robert Shiells,
F.S.A.Scot. (Oliphant & Co.)

Ir must every day become more difficult to find a
subject for a book which is not already trite and
hackneyed. The time is coming when the specialist
in entomology, e.g., will have to devote his com-
prehensive monograph, not to the beetle, but to
the leg or other member of that vast subject. Mr.
Shiells has discovered for himself a minute depart-

ment of ecclesiastical antiquities which was still
waiting for its historian. For the token to which
Mr. Shiells has devoted his reseaches is not the
private coinage of small denomination with which
the enterprising tradesman formerly used to adver-
tise his firm, but the little leaden tablet or medal
which Scottish ministers used to issue to their
parishioners as a passport authorizing their admis-
sion to the Holy Table. This old-time observance,
once distinctive of the Presbyterian Sabbath, is
now rapidly becoming extinct, and it has been the
66 story.'
author's laudable ambition to make a collection of
as a natural sequence, to write their
these symbola or Communion vouchers, and then,
Sooth to say, these leaden dumps have little to
recommend them as works of art. They are rude
and inartistic, and South Kensington would not be
the poorer if none of them survived. The prevail-
ing design consists merely of a date and the initials
of the minister. They have not even the charm of
antiquity to recommend them, as they date chiefly
from the eighteenth century, and the very earliest
only go back to the first quarter of the seventeenth.
There is mention, however, of their being struck at
St. Andrews in 1590, and the Huguenots made use
of these Communion checks in 1559. Mr. Shiells
conjectures that they may have come down by
Catholic tradition from the tessera of the Romans,
something similar being used for admission of the
faithful to the Agapé. But the difficulty remains
that no trace of such material symbols can be
found during the fifteen intervening centuries. It
must be added that the writer pads out his small
book by much digressive and irrelevant matter.
He is quite mistaken in his derivation of Fr. méreau
from Lat. mereri, as if it denoted a token given to
the deserving! There is a careless misprint of
Χριστόν on p. 144.

(Moring.)
Ships and Shipping. Edited by Francis Miltoun.
WE have here, with coloured illustrations of flags,
signals, &c., and with abundant other illustrations,
a useful and pretty little volume, supplying lands-
men with all the information they are likely to
This is, in phrase now classic, "ex-
require concerning ships and shipping at home and
Much of it is derived from
abroad.
tensive and peculiar."
Lloyds.

THE Congregational Historical Society has sent us its Transactions for January; also a hitherto "the father of To this lost treatise by Robert Browne, Congregationalism," A New Years Guift," "in the form of a letter to his uncle Mr. Flower." Mr. Champlin Burrage has written an introduction, in which he states that in 1874 the manuscript was acquired by the British Museum. Mr. Crippen considers it to be the most important contribution to early Nonconformist history that has come to the True and Short Declaration.' The contents light since Dr. Dexter's recovery (about 1875) of of the Transactions show some good work done. There is a sketch of Congregationalism in Hampshire by George Brownen, with a map showing the places where ministers were ejected 1660-2. Mr. Edward Windeatt contributes Devonshire and extracts from the diary of Dr. Thomas Gibbons, the Indulgence of 1672.' Mr. W. H. Summers gives 1749 to 1785. This contains references to the Cromwell family, Whitefield, and the Abneys. On Thursday, the 8th of February, 1750, Gibbons

33.66

writes, "This day, as I was sitting in my study with a vollume of Mr. Baxter's before me, I felt a violent concussion of the house, as if it would have tumbled instantly about my head. The motion was heavy and universal......I find the shock was felt throughout the cities of London and Westminster, and many proofs I have since learnt of its violence and terror.' On the 8th of March he was awakened by a shock of an earthquake" severer than that a month since." "How awful," he writes, "are these Monitions of the Divine Anger." Mr. J. Rutherford supplies a history of Congregationalism in Birmingham from 1642, when its earliest traces began to appear, the first permanent congregation being organized in 1687. The meeting house was much injured by the Jacobite riots in 1715, and totally destroyed in the Priestley riots of 1791. This is now represented by the Old MeetingHouse Church in Bristol Street, built in 1885. The history of Carr's Lane Church is also given. "Carr's Lane" is said to be a corruption of "God's Cart Lane," derived from the shed in which before the Reformation a car was kept that was used in Corpus Christi processions. This church is noted for the two eminent men who have been its ministers-John Angell James, author of The Anxious Enquirer' and some fifty other books; and Robert William Dale, well remembered for his work on 'The Atonement. This gained for him the honorary degree of D.D. from Yale College, which, like his predecessor, he declined to use, while he accepted a diploma of LL.D. from Glasgow in 1883, although on the title-page of the memoir by his son he is plain Robert William Dale. In Birmingham "his leadership was universally recognized, not only in religious effort, but in education, politics, and social enterprises."

THE Reliquary for January, edited by J. Romilly Allen (Bemrose & Sons), contains an article' About Almanacs, by W. Heneage Legge. Illustrations of Staffordshire clog almanacs are given. "A favourite almanac in the times of the Stuarts and the Georges was Rider's. Among other precepts it gives

In gardening never this rule forget,
To sowe dry and set wet."

'Poor Robin,' 1710, receives a full description. Among other maxims we find "In January, though the nights be long and candles be chargeable, yet long lying in Bed is an evil quality, because they must rise by times who would cozen the Devil." Mr. Legge concludes his article in the words of "Poor Robin": "I bid my courteous Reader heartily farewell; and to my Currish Critical Reader, farewell and be hanged, that's twice God b'w'y." The origin of the Pen-annular Brooch' is treated of by Edward Lovett. The editor in a note says, "The testimony of archæology shows conclusively that the safety pin is the earliest type of brooch. At all events, it was in use in the Mycenaan period say 1500 to 2000 B.C. The pen-annular brooch only makes its appearance about 700 to 800 A.D." Mr. Richard Quick gives 'A Chat about Spoons,' and refers to some spoons made in Russia of a peculiar kind of cloisonné enamel, the effect of which is very beautiful." In this article the objects selected for illustration are all in the Horniman Museum. Some crosses at Hornby and Melling in Lonsdale are described by Mr. W. G. Collingwood, who made a tour with Mr. W. O. Roper, and he says he "has made few more delightful excursions both for

scenery and remains." This district is comparatively little known, for it is out of the range of the county archæological societies. Charlotte Mason writes on the church of St. Levan, Cornwall, famed for its marvellous carvings and old benchends. In the 'Notes on Archæology' Mr. Romilly Allen contributes one on Anglo-Saxon Pins found at Lincoln.' There is also a view of old Kew Bridge, which was opened in 1789, being pulled down in 1899 to make way for the King Edward VII. bridge.

WITH much regret we hear of the death, at Darley Abbey, Derby, of the Rev. Canon Ainger, a valued friend and correspondent. Born in London, 9 February, 1837, the son of Alfred Ainger, architect, Alfred Ainger, M.A., LL.D., Canon Residentiary of Bristol, Master of the Temple, and Chaplain in Ordinary to the King, was educated at King's College, London, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, of which he was honorary fellow; was, 1860-4, curate of Alrewas, Lichfield; 1864-6, assistant master Sheffield Collegiate School; and Reader at the Temple Church from 1866 to 1893. He gave to the press 'Sermons preached in the Temple Church,' and was editor of the works of Lamb, of whom he wrote a memoir. His rather fragile form and white hair made him a conspicuous figure in London society, in which he was greatly and justly prized. Canon Ainger's gentleness, urbanity, and courtesy were pleasantly conspicuous features in a delightful personality.

Notices to Correspondents.

We must call special attention to the following notices :

ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith.

We cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rules. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. When answering queries, or making notes with regard to previous entries in the paper, contributors are requested to put in parentheses, immediately after the exact heading, the series, volume, and page or pages to which they refer. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second com munication "Duplicate."

H. G. HOPE ('Immurement Alive').-Your reply shall appear next week.

E. J.-See the General Indexes to N. & Q.' CORRIGENDA.-Index to 9th S. xii., p. 523, col. 2, omit "Barnes, his sonnets, 274"; p. 545, top of col. 2, for "R. (A. P.)” read R. (A. F.).

NOTICE.

Editorial communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.

We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception.

10th S. I. FEB. 13, 1904.]

THE ATHENEUM

JOURNAL OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LITERATURE, SCIENCE,
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Last Week's ATHENÆUM contains Articles on

The LIFE and CAMPAIGNS of LORD GOUGH.

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The PREPARATIO of EUSEBIUS.

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