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Borghini, in the second book of his Riposo,' dedicated to Don Giovanni Medici, writes at great length as to the significance of colours. I extract what relates to green (ed. 1584, pp. 237-8):

"Vsa la Chiesa Santa i paramenti neri nelle rogationi, e ne giorni di afflittione, e d' astinenza per li peccati, & in altri tempi, che hora non dico per venire à trattare del verde sesto colore. Questo perche non participa molto del nero non è così ignobile come il color nero, ben che sia men nobile degli altri colori : & alcuni vogliono, perche egli non è annouerato fra i quattro elementi, che egli sia di tutti il men pregiato; nondimeno egli rappresenta alberi, piante, prati, verde herbette, e fronzuti colli, cose giocondissime, e dilleteuoli alla vista; però non dee esser tenuto in poca stima. Significa allegrezza, amore, gratitudine, amicitia, honore, bontà, bellezza, e secondo la comune opinione speranza. Fra le pietre pretiose s' assomiglia allo smaraldo, fra le virtù dimostra la fortezza, fra pianeti Venere, fra metalli il piombo, nell' età dell' huomo la giouentù fino a trentacinque anni, nei giorni il giouedi, nelle stagioni la Prima uera, ne mesi il verde oscuro Aprile, & il verde chiaro Maggio, e ne' sacramenti il matrimonio. E' il verde di grandissimo conforto alla vista, e la mantiene, e consola quando è affaticata; e perciò gli occhi molto si dilettano, e si compiacciono del color uerde. Vsa la santa Chiesa i paramenti uerdi nell' ottaua dell' Epifania, nella Settuagesima, nella Pentecoste, nell' Auento, e ne giorni feriali, e comuni."

Queries.

Q. V.

WE must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct.

SADLER'S WELLS PLAY ALLUDED

ΤΟ

BY

WORDSWORTH.--I shall be obliged if any one can tell me what was the date of the play, founded on the story of John Hatfield and Mary of Buttermere, and produced at Sadler's Wells Theatre, to which Wordsworth alludes in the Prelude,' book vii. It must have been between 1803 and 1805, for the poem was finished during the latter year, and during the management of the Dibdins. In the Brit. Mus. collection of Sadler's Wells play bills I came across one in which was announced for 25 April, 1803, William and Susan,' the favourite burletta, in which are various views of the lake of Buttermere. Possibly this is the play in question.

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H. W. B. [No mention of this work occurs in the 'Biographia Dramatica' of Baker, Reed, and Jones, 1812.]

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Even in these days we are, as is well known, much behind our continental neighbours in this regard, as well as in that of "fingerposts" and like indicators. From the following paragraph, which I have found in the London Evening Post for 10 September, 1743, it would seem that the setting up, or at least the providing of funds for setting up, of milestones, even on such an important high road as that between Croydon and London, was at that time left to the public spirit of private individuals:

"On Wednesday they began to measure the Croydon Road from the Standard in Cornhill and stake the places for erecting milestones, the inhabitants of Croydon having subscribed for thirteen, which 'tis thought will be carried on by the Gentle

men of Sussex.'

W. MOY THOMAS.

FELLOWS OF THE CLOVER LEAF.-Information is sought as to the history of this society or order. On 17 May, 1866, Capt. Arthur Chilver Tupper, F.S.A. (when did he die and where buried ?), exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries two small pewter flagons about 8 in. high. One was inscribed "Jochim Lvers 1645"; the other, "Peter Fisker 1645 Dit is Der Repper gesellen er klever Blat." Each bore L. S. and shield with castle as pewterer's mark. T. CANN HUGHES, F.S.A. Lancaster.

'ASTREA VICTRIX.'-Can you inform me where to find a poem entitled 'Astræa Victrix, or Love's Triumph,' by L. Willan, gent. It was probably published about 1750 or later. I was born Willan, my grandfather being a certain Dr. Robert Willan, F.R.S., F.S.A., born at Sedbergh, Yorkshire. He practised in Bloomsbury Square, and died in 1812. My ancestors lived in or about Sedbergh for several hundred Leonard and Lancelot were two family names. Willan is quite a Yorkshire name.

years,

and

MARY AUGUSTA HOWELL. Holy Trinity Parsonage, High Cross, Tottenham

SPEECH BY THE EARL OF SUSSEX, 1596.—I desire to know if there is in existence a perfect copy of " a speech by the Earl of Sussex at the tilt," 1596. There is a mutilated MS. of it in the Duke of Northumberland's collection. It begins: "Most divine, and more mighty than that queen to whom all other queens are subject." JOHN OATES. Rutland House, Saltoun Road, S. W.

MAYERS' SONG. (See 3rd S. vii. 373.)-Is it possible to ascertain what was the musical MILESTONES. When did our forefathers rendering of this ballad? I am giving a begin to recognize the importance of accu- paper on the Hertfordshire Mayers' Song rately marking distances on our high roads?shortly, and am anxious to have it sung by

a quartet in costume. For the benefit of MDCCCLXXXVII.), there are the words "non those who may not be able to consult the hoc virtutis opere fieri." Here, however, above reference, I may be permitted to give virtutis perhaps means "of force," and opere the first verse as supplied by CUTHBERT is "of, i.e. by necessity," that is "willy nilly." A similar expression is probably to be found in many books written between the time of St. Gregory and Bacon. E. S. DODGSON.

BEDE :

Here comes us poor Mayers all,
And thus we do begin

To lead our lives in righteousness,
For fear we should die in sin.

This song was, I believe, sung in some of the
neighbouring counties-Cambridge, Bucks,
and Bedfordshire.
Bishop's Stortford.

W. B. GERISH.

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"AMPLE." In the review of the December Scribner (9th S. xii. 480) occurs the sentence: "Views of Buda and Pest are not in colours, but are ample and very effective." Is not this use uncommon? Ample for what? The point would have escaped my notice but that I am acquainted with a family whose members use this word frequently with a meaning peculiar, I imagine, to themselves. The sensation experienced when cutting, or seeing some one cut, asunder a thick roll of butter, when the wheels of a cart cut through mud of the consistence of butter, or when one touches or presses velvet with the hand, is described by them as "ample." The associated idea appears to be that of prolonged, clinging resistance. They can afford me no particulars" of the origin or descent of the word, but maintain that it has been handed down in the family for some generations.

GEORGE C. PEACHEY.

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I.

"NOT ALL WHO SEEM TO FAIL."-Who wrote the following lines?—

Not all who seem to fail have failed indeed;
Not all who fail have therefore worked in vain.

There is no failure for the good and wise;
What tho' thy seed should fall by the wayside,
And the birds snatch it? Yet the birds are fed.
W. S-R.

LEGEND OF THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE.

The Russian poet A. N. Maikov-a cosmo-
politan writer, whose range embraced ancient
and modern worlds, and who rendered old
romances in charming classic_verse-relates
in song the following legend. Before the
Council a grim doctor learnedly expounds
John Hus's guilt and the appropriate sentence
at wearisome length.
Near the Emperor
stands a youthful page, who finds the pro-
ceedings dull. As evening approaches some-
thing in the garden attracts him; he glances
through the window and smiles. Involuntarily
the Emperor's eyes follow the page; then the
Pope's austere features relax, and soon the
whole assembly of princes and prelates gaze
towards the windows, enchanted by Philomel's
song in the garden. Tender memories renew
themselves in the minds of those stern eccle-
siastics, and even the ruthless doctor stammers,
blunders, and finally softens. Suddenly an
old monk confesses that he was about to say
Hus is innocent" under the influence of the
sweet melody, which must proceed from
Satan himself. In horror the whole Council
rose, sang "Let God arise," then bowed
before the crucifix in prayer, and at last
condemned Hus to the stake and anathema-
fiend fled from the garden, and dubious
tized the innocent nightingale. The supposed
witnesses saw him pass over the lake in the
form of a fiery flying serpent, scattering
sparks in his rage.

Maikov's poem is entitled 'Prigovor' ('The
Doom'), and I am endeavouring to render it
in English. Is such a legend recorded else-
where?
FRANCIS P. MARCHANT.

Brixton Hill.

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"DON'T SHOOT, HE IS DOING HIS BEST." should be glad if some one would inform me whether the following quotation comes from Mark Twain or Artemus Ward: "Don't shoot, he is doing his best," Is the quotation correct? Was the notice put over a new organist in a church in the Western States, or did it apply to a pianist in a drinking saloon? H. M. C.

BAGSHAW.-Can any of your readers give me information respecting Samuel Bagshaw, who published at Sheffield, in 1847, a 'History, Gazetteer, and Directory of the County of Kent,' in two volumes? Did he produce any other works of a like character? I do not find his name in the 'D.N.B.,' nor in any local work with which I am acquainted.

CHARLES SMITH.

"GOING THE ROUND": "ROUNDHOUSE."-Is it not probable that the phrase "going the round," or rounds," is much older than it looks, and that it had its origin in the watchman's rounds, that functionary sometimes announcing news over and above that which related to the weather? "To walk the round often occurs in the plays of Massinger and his contemporaries. In 'The Picture,' for instance, a tragi-comedy, acted in the "Black Fryars" in 1636, we find (Act II.):

Dreams and fantastic visions walk the round. In 'King John' (Act II. sc. ii.) the Bastard soliloquizes:

Whom zeal and charity brought to the field
And France, whose armour conscience buckled on,
As God's own soldier, rounded in the ear
With that same purpose-changer, that sly devil,
Commodity (i.e., interest).

was

means to

Here "rounding in the ear whisper. An old phrase similar to our modern แ going the round" "to go current" or to " go for current":"A great while it went for current that it was a "FROM WHENCE."-In a review of my pleasant region" (Purchas, 'Pilgrimage,' p. 18). 'Romantic Tales from the Panjâb,' just Was not a roundhouse, by the way, so published by Constable, exception was taken called from being a prison in which such to my use, in one place, of the form "from lawbreakers were confined as were taken up whence." It occurs on p. 438, in the story of Puran Bhagat, "Let me return from whence I have come.' Now, of all Eastern stories, 'Puran Bhagat' is the most Biblical in motive and feeling, and I used the condemned form deliberately, not inadvertently, because I had in my mind such passages of the Bible as "The land of Egypt, from whence ye came out" (Deut. xi. 10),From whence came they unto thee?" (Is. xxxix. 3) and many others. Shakespeare also uses this construction several times, as, for example: Let him walk from whence he came, lest he catch cold on's feet" (Comedy of Errors,' III. i. 37).

With this array of precedents, may I ask whether or not it is open to a modern writer, translating archaic tales into English, to make a discriminating use of the same form? I do not deny grammatical inaccuracy, but I hope the day is far distant when the old picturesque irregularities and licences of our beautiful English tongue shall all be ground down to the dead monotonous level of Académie French, for instance. Perhaps some contributors will also kindly mention, if possible, the earliest and the latest accepted work in which the locution from whence is to

be found.

I may add that from thence also occurs in the Bible; for instance, twice over in 2 Kings ii. CHARLES SWYNNERTON.

by the constable or watchman on his rounds?
Timbs, however, says that the watchhouse
was called a roundhouse "because it suc-
ceeded the Tonel or Roundhouse; the tonel
having been an old butt or hogshead, or
something in the shape of one." What au-
thority had Timbs for saying this? Is it not
an assumption based merely on the fact of
the "Tun" in Cornhill having been built
somewhat in the fashion of a tun standing
on its bottom? And the roundhouses were
generally either hexagonal or octagonal, I
believe.
J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL.
MARRIAGE REGISTERS. Are there any
registers or records of the Fleet marriages,
and especially of those performed by the
chaplain of the Chapel Royal, Savoy, during
1754-5, after the passing of Lord Hardwicke's
Act? What records exist of marriages in
Guernsey, the Isle of Man, and Gretna Green
from 1754 to 1857 ?

THORNE GEORGE.

[For Gretna Green registers see General Indexes.]

INTERMENT IN GRAVES BELONGING TO OTHER FAMILIES.-This practice is sometimes permitted, or even desired by friendly persons. Can any instances of it in Queen Elizabeth's time be given?

I.

JOHN HALL, BISHOP OF BRISTOL.-John Hall was Bishop of Bristol from 1691 to his

death in 1710. The "D. N.B.' makes no mention of his wife. What was her maiden name? When did he marry her? and where?

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BERNARD P. SCATTERGOOD.

"O COME, ALL YE FAITHFUL." Can MR. SHEDLOCK or some of your readers inform me as to the origin of the tune popularly known as the 'Portuguese Hymn'? There seems some reason for believing that the tune was written by John Reading, a pupil of Dr. Blow. In a notice of the Christmas service at the Roman Catholic Westminster Cathedral in the Daily Telegraph of 26 December last, it is stated :"Recently, it may be noted, the melody was restored to its simple form and key, and each of the eight verses being harmonized by a different British musician, the variety of treatment thus obtained proved exceedingly interesting."

N. S. S. [See Adeste Fideles,' Fifth Series, General Index.]

Replies.

HENRY, EARL OF STAFFORD, ON HIS
FRENCH WIFE.

(9th S. xii. 466.)

THE eccentric provisions of Lord Stafford's will are known to students of Grammont, and the passage quoted by DR. FURNIVALL will be found in the introduction, p. xxv, of Mr. Gordon Goodwin's edition of the Memoirs,' published by Mr. A. H. Bullen in 1903. The exact date of the will is 2 February, 1699/1700, a year later than that given by DR. FURNIVALL The earl subsequently added two codicils to his will, but no mention of his wife was made in either of them. He died without issue, 27 April, 1719, in his seventy-second year, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. He had been an adherent of James II., and followed his master to St. Germain-en-Laye, where on 3 April, 1694, he married Claude Charlotte, the elder of the two daughters of Philibert de Grammont and Elizabeth Hamilton. These two girls were described by the Marquis de Dangeau (Journal,' i. 241) as great intriguers, and better known in society than many belles, though very ugly. They seem to have inherited the wit and vivacity of their father without partaking of the beauty of their mother. Claude, though not in her first youth, was eighteen years younger than her husband, and scandal had already been busy with her name in connexion with the young Duke of Orleans, afterwards the celebrated Regent. It is said that his mother, the Duchess of Orleans, whose maid of honour Mlle. de Grammont had been, persuaded

Lord Stafford to marry her. However this may have been, the union between a stolid, middle-aged Englishman and the lively daughter of a French father and a Scoto-Irish mother could hardly be expected to turn out happily. Lady Stafford, both in youth and age, was one of those characters that Thackeray was happy in depicting. Her girlhood was that of Beatrix Esmond; her old age that of the Baroness Bernstein, with husband in her thoughts when she uttered a dash of Lady Kew. She probably had her the words recorded by Lord Hervey in reference to Queen Caroline and George II. :

"Pour moi, je trouve qu'on juge très mal-si cette pauvre Princesse avait le sens commun, elle doit être embarrassé dans sa situation; quand on a un tel rôle à jouer, qu'on doit épouser un sot Prince et vivre avec un désagréable animal toute sa vie qu'elle est sotte, et même très sotte, puis qu'elle privée, on doit sentir ses malheurs, et je suis sûre n'est pas embarrassée et qu'elle ne paraît point confondue dans toutes les nouveautés parmi lesquelles elle se trouve."

As things turned out, Lady Stafford, notwithstanding Lord Hervey's opinion of her judgment, was completely mistaken in her view of the situation. The queen, instead of vividly feeling her position in being yoked to so disagreeable a husband as George II., played her part through life with the cheerful and unembarrassed bearing that had distinguished her when she first made the acquaintance of the king, and succeeded in securing as much affection as it was in his power to give to any woman.

Lady Stafford, when in England, used to live at Twickenham, where she became on very intimate terms with Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. When, in 1727, the old countess set out for France, Lady Mary wrote to her sister, the Countess of Mar, that her friend had carried half the pleasures of her life with her; she was more stupid than she could describe, and could think of nothing but the nothingness of the good things of this world. She relates the scandal that arose from the intimacy of the second Duchess of Cleveland with her husband's young kinsman, Lord Sidney Beauclerk, the father of Johnson's friend Topham, and sends her a copy of verses on the same theme, winding up with an ill-founded and ill-natured mot of Lady Stafford's. Walpole knew the old lady in his childhood, and averred that she had more wit than either of her neighbours, Lady Mary or the Duke of Wharton. She died in 1739, and her will, dated 13 May in that year, was proved three days later by Charles, Earl of Arran, to whom she left all her property.

The countess's younger sister, Marie Elisabeth, was born 27 December, 1667, and, having entered into religion, became the Abbess of Ste. Marie de Poussaye in Lorraine. She died before her parents in 1706, and, Walpole records that he was told by an old friend of hers, Madame de Mirepoix, the French Ambassadress, that she was ten times more vain of the blood of Hamilton than of an equal quantity of that of Grammont.* Lady Stafford seems to have been equally attached to the family of her mother. W. F. PRIDEAUX.

"TATAR" OR "TARTAR" (9th S. xii. 185, 376). I have read Dr. Koelle's article in vol. xiv. of the new series of the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, and come to the conclusion that he belongs to that class of Orientalists of whom Voltaire made such fun in the preface to his 'Charles XII.' or 'Pierre le Grand,' I now forget which.

The "perhaps greatest European authority on the group of Central Asiatic languages" begins his disquisition with the ex cathedra statement that every one knows that formerly all Europe was agreed in saying and writing Tartar, and it is only in modern times that would-be clever folks have begun to substitute the incorrect form Tatar.t "All Europe" must be taken in a somewhat restricted sense, like "the British nation" in the famous manifesto issued by the three tailors of Tooley Street, because it never included Russia, Poland, Hungary, Rumania, or Turkey. It must be assumed, therefore, that the learned Orientalist was not aware of this circumstance, or he would have made some attempt to explain why so many millions of Europeans, all of whom have been in close contact with the Tartars off and on for centuries, use the incorrect form. He gives some kind of explanation why the Tartars themselves, the Turks, Arabs, and Persians, do not use the right name; but as a matter of fact he has not produced a tittle of evidence to show that the form Tartar was used by any one else than the Armenians, the Greek and Latin writers, and the Western nations of Europe. France and England are still orthodox in this respect, but the Germans are gradually going over to the opposite faction. Even O. Wolff, although "on the right track of the etymology of the word Tartar," has

Letters of Lady M. W. Montagu,', ed. 1837, ii. 217-220; Letters of Horace Walpole,' Cunning ham's ed., ii. 262; Toynbee's ed., iii. 64.

+ But Dr. Koelle himself quotes from the sixteenth century 'Thesaurus' of Rob. Stephanus: "Tartari sive Tattari (TáρTaρoi), gens fera."

used the heterodox form in the title of his book, and wrote Geschichte der Mongolen oder Tataren' (Breslau, 1872). Dr. Koelle himself confesses that his views on the etymological nature of the name Tartar have resulted" merely" (sic) from his exhaustive study of the Tartar roots, and therefore rest on purely philological data, whilst every historical consideration seems to be opposed to them. When he asked Tartars what they called themselves, their reply invariably was "Tatar" or perhaps "Tattar." On one occasion only, two men who seemed to be more intelligent than the rest promised the Berlin doctor that they would make inquiries, and came back with the, to him, welcome news that they had consulted some old men of their tribe, who thought that the form advocated by him was the right one.

With regard to the allegation that the Chinese are mainly responsible for the use of the inaccurate form, Dr. Koelle seriously maintains that in the name of the village Ibn Taltal, near Aleppo in Asia Minor, the second word, not being Arabic, must "evidently" be the Chinese pronunciation of Tartar; but he does not explain how other geographical names like Tatar - Bazardjik, Tatar-Bunar, Tatar-Köi, Tatar-Mahallé, &c., have managed to escape the same fate.

Moreover, the doctor does not quote a single instance of the form Taltal from any genuine Chinese source. According to D'Herbelot, in the Chinese dictionaries Tata is the general term for all the Tu (=dogs), or barbarians, of the North. Dr. Koelle also quotes "Ta-che," "Ta-chin" (i.e., Ta people), "Tache Linya" the popular name of a certain Tartar Academician, "Tatal au lieu de Tatar"; but the form Taltal is evidently not to be found in any old Chinese source.

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Dr. Koelle's explanation for the presence of the final in Tatar may be ingenious, but is not convincing. Many Tartars, he states, undertook to write their language with Chinese characters. Now, if they found their name written as Tatal (not Taltal, be it noted) by the Chinese, this was a precedent which they were tempted to imitate, first in writing, and perhaps soon also in speaking; but as the Tartars did not share the inability to pronounce the letter r, they naturally said Tatar where the Chinese said Tatal. Thus the Tartars themselves fell into the habit of pronouncing their own name as Tatar, partly from writing it in Chinese characters, and still more from their daily intercourse with the Chinese.

This theory is evidently founded on an anecdote which I heard many years ago

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