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Dolphin and eldest son and apparent heir to Henry, King of France."

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On the twentieth day of April, 1558, the fiançailles of the young Prince Francis and Marie, Queen-Heritrix of Scotland, took place."

With regard to MR. PEACHEY's question, I may inform him that only the spelling "Stewart," and not "Stuart," is mentioned in M. E. Cumming Bruce's learned work. HENRY GERALD HOPE.

119, Elms Road, Clapham, S.W.

TIDESWELL AND TIDESLOW (9th S. xii. 341, 517; 10th S. i. 52).—Is it not a mistake to attempt to explain these names without having any regard to Anglo-Saxon grammar? The A.-S. for "intermittent well" might have been tid-well, i.e., tide-well; but it could not possibly have been tides well! We never say tide's waiter, but only tide-waiter. Consequently, Tides is the genitive case of a man's name. We are told that it is the genitive “of Tid, or whatever the right form of the personal name may have been." Well, the right form was Tidi in early spelling, snd Tide in later spelling. The gen. of Tidi or Tide was Tides, just as the gen. of Ini or Ine (in Latin spelling Ina) was Ines. For the gen. form Ines, see 'A.-S. Chron.,' an. 718. Mr. Searle's 'Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum' gives two examples of Tidi. Besides this, Tid was very common as a first element in names, as in Tid-beald, Tid-beorht, Tid-burh, Tid-cume, Tid-frith, &c. And Tida (occurring six times) was the form of a pet-name; only the gen. case was Tidan. It is surely obvious that Tides-welle can only mean Tidi's well"; and Tides-low, A.-S. Tides-hlaw, can only mean "Tidi's burial-mound." It is worth while to add that A.-S. tid, time, is feminine, with the genitive tide!

66

At the last reference we are told that low is "the well-known word for a hill or mound, having nothing to do with a burial." Why has it "nothing to do with" it? If your correspondent will only take the trouble to look it out in an A.-S. dictionary or in H.E.D.,' he will find that low is applied both to a natural hill and to an artificial tumulus. Why are these hardy statements made? Low, as a funeral mound, occurs in 'Beowulf.' The name Tidi occurs in the 'Liber Vita' of Durham, and again in Beda, but not later. So the mound may be as old as the eighth century, or even earlier. The O.N. völlr is not represented in English by well, but by -wall.

WALTER W. SKEAT.

There is one difficulty about DR. BRUSHFIELD's suggestion that Tideswell means the Well of the Tide, namely, that it does not account for the s. His etymology might have

passed if the name had come down to us in the form Tidewell. DR. BRUSHFIELD forget that the old English word for tide wa feminine. COMESTOR OXONIENSIS.

It is certain that Tideswell has nothing to do with "an ebbing and flowing well," and the sooner DR. BRUSHFIELD abandons this popular fancy the better. If the word meant what he says it means, it would have been written Tiduuelle, not Tidesuuelle, in DomesThe prefix both in Tideswell and Tideslow is day Book, and Tidewell at the present time. the genitive case of a personal name.

Finding himself in a difficulty about Tideslow, which, as he sees, has no connexion with FIELD invokes a list of tombs in Bateman's an ebbing and flowing well," DR. BRUSHTen Years' Diggings." "It is doubtful," he says, "whether this list contains a single example of the name of a prehistoric individual." The list, however, includes, among others, the following lows :— Bottes-low Browns-low Culverds-low Dars-low Hawkes-low Herns-low Kens-low Ladmans-low Larks-low Pars-low

Ravens-low Rains-low Swains-low Swans-low

Taylors-low Thirkell-low Tids-low

Totmans-low Wars-low

Yarns-low.

It is possible that every one of the twenty tomb-names which I have cited from the list in question contains a personal_name; it is certain that some of them do so. For instance, Totmans - low contains the A.-S. personal name Tatmonn or Tatmon, which occurs three times in the Durham Liber Vitæ.' Ladmans-low also contains a personal name, and it is just possible that it is identical in meaning with A.-S. ladmann, guide, leader. The modern form, however, of that word should be lodeman. Nevertheless, we have Stan-low, for Stone-low, in the district. The prefix in Hawkes-low is the personal name which is familiar to us in Old Norse as Hauk-r; and Ravens-low contains the A.-S. name Rafan, O.N. Hrafn, which also occurs in the 'Liber Vitæ.' Swains-low, and possibly also Swans-low, is the tomb of Swegn, O.N. Sveinn-a very frequent name of a man. In Culverds-low it is probable that we have to do with a name which ended in heard, as did many A.-S. personal names. In Thirkel-low we may have the well-known O.N. masculine name Thorkell. I have not found Tid in the Liber Vitæ,' but it may occur elsewhere. Tida and Tidi, however, are there, and also the following names in which Tid- occurs as a compound: Tidcume,

Tidhild, Tidburg, Tidreda, Tidhere, Tiduald,
Tidbald, Tiduulf, Tidberct, Tidhelm.

Many other English lows have preserved the names of persons buried in them, as, for instance, Hounslow. At the second reference W. C. B. pointed to Tinsley, near Sheffield, which, he says, was Tanslaw in 1633. I find that it was Tynneslow in 1451. I believe it is in Domesday Book, but I have not been able to refer. The Bosworth-Toller 'A.-S. Dictionary' mentions local names compounded with hlaw, hlaw, as "Cwicchelmes hlæw" ("Cwicchelm's low"). In Thorpe's 'Diplo matarium' we have Oswaldeslaw, Oswald's tomb, and Wulfereslaw, Wulfhere's tomb. These two last-named lows seem to have been used as moot-hills. There is a barrow at Bolsterstone, near Sheffield, called Walderslow, meaning Waldhere's tomb. We know much about the urns, weapons, jewels, and other contents of our English prehistoric sepulchres. But due attention has not been given to the personal names which, in so many cases, yet cling to these ancient memorials. It is something to know that a man of note called Tid gave his name to Tideswell, and that he received the lasting honour of mound-burial on a hill which overlooks that town.

appears to have been invented by Charles
Cotton, for he, in his 'Wonders of the Peake,'
1681, mentions "Weeding-wall or Tydes-well,
the third Wonder," and asks this question :-

For me, who worst can speculate, what hope
To find the secret cause of these strange tides,
Which an impenetrable mountain hides?*
S. O. ADDY.

'OXFORD UNIVERSITY CALENDAR' (10th S. i. 47).—The list of heads of colleges and halls appears for the last time in the 'Calendar' for 1862. To the 'Calendar' for 1863 is prefixed the following note:

"The Class Lists and other historical matter which purchasers of the 'Oxford University Calendar' will miss in the 'Calendar' for 1863 are now printed in a separate volume called "The Oxford Year - Book,' together with a full Index of Names." G. F. R. B.

In the 'Oxford Historical Register, 12201900,' the lists of colleges with their heads from the foundations are duly given. I understand that from the latter date the Historical Register' as a separate publication has been discontinued, and that the record of distinctions for the future is contained, year by year, in the annual 'Calendar.' It is to be hoped that all heads of houses after 1900 are, with their dates of office, included. A. R. BAYLEY.

"

[OLD OXONIAN also thanked for reply.] 'MEYNES" AND "RHINES" (10th S. i. 49).— River-names are old, and the origins of them are mostly unknown. In my opinion, it is quite unsafe to mix them up with modern words.

The extract

The suffix well, or wall, seems in many cases, as here, to be the O. N. völl-r, dat. vell-i, a field or paddock. I have already referred to New Wall Nook, and I might have mentioned Swinden Walls, between Sheffield and Penistone. Tideswell' is written Tiddeswall and Tidswale in a Derbyshire Poll-Book of 1734, and the neighbouring Brad well occurs in that book as Bradwall and Bradall. On Speed's map, 1610, I find Tiddes wall and As to meyne, I know nothing at present. Brad wall. In 1758 some fields at Heeley, As to the Somersetshire rhine, I am quite near Sheffield, are described as "Semary clear that the less we muddle it up with the (alias St. Mary) Walls," and they also seem river Rhine, the better. Neither is it Dutch. to have been known as Malkin Crofts. Here, It is just provincial English, and duly then, wall-O.N. völl-r. I often go to Tides- explained in the 'English Dialect Dictionary,' well and Bradwell, but I have not yet seen, under the correct spelling rean. or heard of, either the "ebbing and flowing given says: "The wide open drains are all well" or the salt well. Davies, in his 'Histori-written rhine and pronounced reen." Rhine cal, &c., View of Derbyshire,' 1811, p. 653, says is an absurd misspelling invented by some that Tideswell "is supposed to have received very learned man to whom English was its name from an ebbing and flowing well, situated in a field near the town, but which has now ceased to flow for more than a century." What proof is there that it ever did flow? Davies say that "the ebbing and flowing well, the last of the Wonders of the Peak, is about a mile and [a] half from Chapel-en-le-Frith, on the road to Tideswell. It is situated in Barmoor Clough" (p. 712). Barmoor Clough is six miles from Tideswell. The story about the tides of an ebbing well

all Greek"; and he misspelt it accordingly. If English were really studied for its own sake, it would not be mixed up with Greek and Dutch. WALTER W. SKEAT.

"CHAPERONED BY HER FATHER" (9th S. xii. 245, 370, 431; 10th S. i. 54).-There can surely be no objection to the use of chaperon if it be remembered that the French seldom, if ever, use the word in the English sense.

* Ed. 1699, pp. 24, 27.

10th S. I. JAN. 30, 1904.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

They do indeed so use the word chaperonner, 12mo; 'A Manuell of the Chronicles of
to the Yere of our Lorde 1565,' abridged and
but Littré gives no such meaning to the Englande, from the Creacion of the Worlde
word chaperon.
collected by Richard Grafton, London, 1565,
with index and a list of the principal fairs;
and Walford's Fairs Past and Present,' 1883,
8 Feb. (1721), No. 1956, is the following
pp. 24, 35, 66, &c. In the Evening Post of
announcement :-

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I have often wondered why morale, in the phrase "the morale of the army," is written in italics, as if it were French. As a matter of fact, there is no such word in French; but there is a word le moral, which means Again, we often see in English morality. books une guerre à l'outrance," which is not French at all. We write épergne as if it were a French word, which it is not; and others might be added. We have surely the right to annex any words we choose from any language, and to attach any sense to such words as we may find convenient; but H. A. STRONG. why should we not recognize the words as frankly English?

University, Liverpool.

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I have to thank SIMPLICISSIMUS for his further instructive comments under this head. The rivulet of judgment meanders pleasantly from its original fount. This was merely an inquiry on my part as to the correctness, or otherwise, of a phrase conAfter careful necting the male with duties hitherto only associated with the fair sex. search amongst recognized authorities I was glad to discover that my notion as to the inaccuracy of the expression was generally Lest should stumble more confirmed. seriously, I will not again venture into the perilous paths of a discussion anent chaperone, I have said my say; chaperon, or escort. abler pens than mine must finally settle that question-if they can.

SIMPLICISSIMUS asks if I would "taboo the use of the word author as applied to a lady." To this I am bold enough to reply that assuredly I would. Authoress is, in my humble view, so welcome and certain a guide to identification that it should by no means be allowed to drop out of service.

CECIL CLARKE.

WEST-COUNTRY FAIR (10th S. i. 48). Among the records of the Exeter Corporation are letters patent concerning Exeter Fair in the fourteenth year of Henry IV. (1412) and in 1610 (see Notes and Gleanings in Devon and Cornwall, ed. by W. Cotton, F.S.A., and James Dallas, FL.S., 15 Jan. and 15 Aug, 1889, pp. 10 and 124); also Archæologia, vol. i. pp. 190-203; the Western Antiquary, vol. i. March, 1881, to March, 1882, pp. 102-3, 129, 140; Doidge's 'Western Counties Annual'; Cooke's Topographical Survey'; Hugh Carew's 'Survey of Cornwall,' 1811; 'An Account of all the Fairs in England and Wales,' by Wm. Owen, London, 1756,

"Whereas K. James I. by his Letters Patent, did
grant to Sir Francis Lacon, Knt., and his Heirs
Mortimer in the County of Salop: These are to
for ever, the Privilege of holding Three Fairs
Yearly in the Town of Cleobury alias Cleobury
give Notice, that William Lacon Childe, Esq.,
and Merchandize, on the Days following, viz., on
designs to hold Three Fairs in the said Town
the 21st of April, on Trinity-Eve, and on the 16th of
Yearly, for the Sale of all Manner of Cattle, Goods,
October. The First Fair to be held on the 21st of
April next, and that Care will be taken to provide
thereto."
proper Accommodations for such as shall resort

A long account of fairs will also be found
J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL.
in Brand's 'Popular Antiquities,' revised by
Sir Henry Ellis (Bohn, vol. ii.).

CAPT. DEATH (10th S. i. 48).-He commanded
the Terrible, a London privateer, and was
killed in action with the Vengeance, a
privateer of St. Malo, on or about 28 Dec.,
1756. F. F. L. will find an account of the
action, which seems to have been a gallant
affair, in Beatson's 'Naval and Military
Memoirs,' vol. i. pp. 524–5.

J. K. L.

[The REV. J. PICKFORD refers also to the edition MR. G. T. SHERBORN to Tindal's continuation of of Hume and Smollett by the Rev. T. S. Hughes

book iii. ch. viii. § 28, and Gentleman's Magazine, Rapin; and MR. J. B. WAINEWRIGHT to Smollett, vol. xxvii. p. 90.]

HOBGOBLIN'S CLAWS (9th S. xii. 189, 333).— Kinouchi Shigeakira's 'Unkonshi,' written figures what is called by the Japanese in the eighteenth century, describes and "Tengu-no-Tsume," or Tengu's claw, which is the fossilized tooth of extinct sharks. It is

reputed to have the power of repulsing evil
The Tengu is a wood-goblin of Japanese
spirits and curing demoniacal possession.
as well as bird's wings, strongly recalling the
KUMAGUSU MINAKATA.
popular mythology, and is represented now
with prominent nose, now with bird's bill,
Mount Nachi, Kii, Japan.
classical Harpy.

"COLLECTIONER" (10th S. i. 28). This word cannot be attributed only to East Anglia. A contributor long ago (2nd S. x. 28) required similar information, and gave two instances of its use from the church register of Great Hampden, Bucks, in which "this

word is often used,” more particularly in the
case of burials :-
:-

“1741-42, Jan3 23a. Sarah Etherop, a Collectioner. "1762, July 20th. Jno. Apsalon of ye psh of Hitchenden, Collectioner."

In the reply given at p. 98 it is explained that it applies to a person permanently in receipt of parochial relief. Many legacies have been left to the poor not taking collection.

I cannot find the word in any of the many dictionaries to which I have referred. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN.

71, Brecknock Road.
See under 'Collection' in 'N.E.D.'

W. C. B.
"AS MERRY AS GRIGGS" (9th S. xii. 506;
10th S. i. 36). The following quotation from
a poet and accurate observer of nature may
be of interest :-

All about the fields you caught
His weary daylong chirping, like the dry
High-elbowed grigs that leap in summer grass.
Tennyson, 'The Brook.'
HIPPOCLIDES.

If it is remembered that "grigs" are grass-
hoppers the explanation is simple enough.
E. W.
Dr. Brewer (Phrase and Fable') explains
this proverb:--

"A grig is the sand-eel, and a cricket. There was also a class of vagabond dancers and tumblers who visited ale-houses so called...... Many think the expression should be 'Merry as a Greek.'" Halliwell (Dict. of Archaic Words ') is very decided in stating that grig is a corruption

of Greek. Urmston.

RICHARD LAWSON.

Dickens uses this expression in 'The Old Curiosity Shop,' ch. 1. In alluding to the company of rats Quilp says: "I shall be as merry as a grig among these gentry."

In Temple Bar for January is an article on Thomas Hearne, the antiquary. The writer, the Rev. W. E. Crothers, says that Hearne in his 'Diary' states "that the phrase as merry as a grig' should perhaps be as merry as a Greek." JOHN T. PAGE.

West Haddon, Northamptonshire.

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having lively motion was "a grigg," and
tadpoles were included in the list. Along
the roads after a shower of rain appeared
lively insects, which were known as
"fish-
flies," and these "danced like griggs" in the
sun as long as the lanes remained wet.
THOS. RATCLIFFE.
Worksop.

GRAMMAR: NINE PARTS OF SPEECH (9th S.
these lines were current at a school in
xii. 504).—Between fifty and sixty years ago
Nottingham, and that they were of Trans-
atlantic origin was never so much as hinted.
Is there a Board-School child in these days
that would venture to call a, an, and the
"articles"?
ST. SWITHIN.

The rimes sent you by MR. COLEMAN I learned when I was eight years old, and attending Mrs. Attwood's school at Fairfield, Croydon, in 1865. I think they were printed in our grammar, but I forget what particular book this was.

Monmouth.

JOHN HOBSON MATTHEWS.

174, 396).-The Roman correspondent of the VETO AT PAPAL ELECTIONS (9th S. xii. 89, Tablet, in the issue of that paper dated cardinals in Curia, eighteen recently met as 9 January, says that, out of the twenty-one the official councillors of the Pope, and decided (1) that the veto is abusive in its origin, and (2) that it has never become a "consuetudinary right." In connexion with of 1555, when Cardinal Caraffa was elected in the second point they referred to the election spite of the veto of Charles V. They concluded by recommending the Pope to render the veto impossible in future by inflicting excommunication on any one bearing a veto to a Conclave from any civil authority.

JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

FIELD-NAMES, WEST HADDON, CO. NORTHWest Haddon which MR. JOHN T. PAGE has AMPTON (10th S. i. 46).-The field-names of contributed are of much interest. I send notes on regarded as suggestions only, not as positive a few of them; they must be statements of opinion. Many names depend on local circumstances which a stranger to the neighbourhood can by no means grapple with. It should be borne in mind that when similar names occur in far separated places it by no means follows they have been alike in origin.

Several of the names in MR. PAGE's list seem to be derived from those of former owners or tenants, but this does not always follow as a matter of course. Priestlands at Redburn,

Lincolnshire, may have been, and probably was, so called from appertaining to some ecclesiastical endowment; on the other hand, it may have been the private property of a priest, or of some layman who had Priest for a surname. Smithfield, at Loughton, in Essex (8th S. i. 84), may signify land appropriated under the old manorial system to the village blacksmith, or it may have arisen in recent days from having been held by some one who bore that common patronymic. Bellfield, a name I have met with, but failed to make a note of, was probably land appropriated to the maintenance of the church's bell-gear and payment of the ringers, or perhaps a place where the church bells had been cast, or it may at one time have belonged to a man called Bell. Without research among old documents, which have often been lost or are unattainable, it is impossible to come to any definite conclusion. At West Haddon, as in most other places, the names are of various dates; some apparently very old, others dating from the nineteenth century.

California. - Probably one of a class of names given in recent days, adopted from foreign places which at the time of the namegiving were attracting popular attention. There is a cottage in the parish of Messingham called St. Helena; I was told by my father it was built during the time that Napoleon I. was a captive in the Atlantic island so named. Some houses in the Frodingham irón district go by the name of America; and I have seen a house near Doncaster, in what parish I do not know, called New Zealand. There is a New Zealand field in the parish of Aldenham, Herts (8th S. i. 83).

Castles, Great.-Possibly an encampment or entrenchments have existed here. Castle is not uncommonly employed in speaking of an entrenchment or earth work where no castle, in the popular sense of the word, has ever stood.

Cockle Close.-Probably so called from a handsome plant, bearing reddish-purple flowers, which grows among corn. See

'H.E.D.'

Copy Moor.-This may have been land held by copyhold tenure. In Lincolnshire and neighbouring counties copy hold property is frequently spoken of as Copy or Copy-lands.

Huckaback. The word means a coarse linen fabric used for sheets and towels. The earliest example given in the 'H.E.D.' is of the year 1690. Huckaback napkins were in use at St. John's Coll., Cambridge, in 1698 (Rogers's 'Hist. Agriculture and Prices,'

vol. vi. p. 548). It may be that the place took its name from ponds or a stream in which the flax was steeped before being woven into huckaback.

Hell Hole.-In place-names Hell does not necessarily refer to the place of punishment, though in some cases, which I believe are but few, it may do so. It often means a deep hollow or a darksome place. There was a Helle Bothe at Spalding (Mon. Angl.,' iii. 230). There are a Hell Hill and a Hell Wood in Yorkshire, and a Hell Hole in Nottinghamshire, but I cannot identify the parishes to which they belong. There were a Hell Mill in Gloucestershire (Smith's 'Hundred of Berkeley,' 307) and a Hell Mouth at Cambridge (Gerarde's 'Herbal,' ed. 1636, 1390). It may be worth noting that there is a barrow named Hell's Hill in Wexiö, where Odin is said to have been buried (Marryat's 'Year in Sweden,' ii. 376). Other places with hell for an affix have been mentioned to me by friends who were not a little indignant at the names having been changed by imbecile persons who were without reverence for the free speech of their forefathers.

Hunger Wells.-To speculate regarding the meaning or origin of Hunger in place-names would be rash. Several solutions occur to me, none of which is wildly improbable, but all very far from convincing. The word is widely distributed. Hunger Downs occurs at Loughton in Essex (8th S. i. 84), Hunger Hill at or near Nottingham (Records of Nottingham,' vol. iv. p. 114), and Hungerlands at Aldenham, Herts (7th S. xii. 383).

Lord's Piece.-Probably lands belonging to the lord of the manor.

Lunches. -Query, is not this a form of Linch or Lynch "Hline, ridge, slope, hill" (Skeat, A.-S. Dict.'). In Lincolnshire linch means a balk in a field dividing one man's land from another. It is perhaps obsolete now, but was not so in 1787, for in the 'Survey of the Manor of Kirton-inLindsey' of that date it is stated that "the lands in the field are called dales, and the linches or green strips on each side are called marfurs or meerfurrows."

Old Leys. Ley or Lay, unenclosed grass land, which at some time or other had been ploughed, but had been laid down to grass. There is a farm at Hibaldstow, Lincolnshire, yet spoken of as the Old Leys.

Poor Man's Close. - Probably land dedicated in some way or other to the relief of the poor. Perhaps settled by deed of gift or will before the passing of the Act known as the Poor Law of Elizabeth.

Toot Hill.-An eminence (7th S. i. 56, 97, 154).

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