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views, and that his lecture, which both Catholics and Protestants had understood to favor an abolition of the temporal power, had been misunderstood. The General Assembly also exhibited its views on the question of religious toleration, by denouncing the government of a Protestant German State for subjecting the functions of Catholic priests to certain restrictions, while at the same time it fully approved the law of the Tyrol, which forbids the public profession of Protestantism altogether, and even denies to Protestants the right of acquiring landed property.

SCANDINAVIA.

THE PROTESTANT CHURCHES.-The State Churches of the three Scandinavian kingdoms, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, held this year again a General Scandinavian Church Diet. The first of these Diets had been held, in 1857, at Copenhagen; the second, in 1859, at Lund, in Sweden; the third met this year at Christiania, the capital of Norway. The attendance was larger than at either of the two preceding meetings, and consisted of one hundred and thirty-seven Danes, thirty-nine Swedes, and two hundred and sixty-four Norsemenin all four hundred and fifty clergymen and laymen, including many of the most prominent men of the three kingdoms. The reports on the state of religion in the three kingdoms contained many interesting facts. Rationalism was said to be almost extinct; in Nor

way, in particular, scarcely a single pastor of rationalistic sentiments can now be found. Church attendance is everywhere improving, and the interest in the missionary and Bible cause is becoming every year more general. A proposition for the establishment of a common Scandinavian Missionary Society was introduced by Dr. Kalkar, one of the theological professors in Copenhagen, who threw out the first suggestion of such a society at the Diet of 1859. The proposition was favorably received, and a committee appointed, which is to correspond to the local missionary societies already existing in the three kingdoms, and to make a report to the next Diet, which is to be held two years hence at Copenhagen.

The cause of foreign missions has, in general, made great progress among the Scandinavians during the past two years. The foreign missionary school recently founded at Stavanger, Norway, counts twelve pupils, who will soon enable the missionary society to extend their operations, which hitherto have been restricted to the Zulus in South Africa, the only foreign mission conducted by Scandinavians. In Denmark, the central missionary society, which had been organized last year, met this year, for the second time, at Aarthuus, on July 19, and resolved to reorganize the Danish missions on Greenland, and to establish as soon as possible a foreign missionary seminary.

ART. IX.-FOREIGN LITERARY INTELLIGENCE.

ENGLAND.

Macmillan & Co. have issued the Me

moirs, Letters, and Remains of Alexis De Tocqueville. It is translated, with large additions, from the French, by the translator of "Napoleon's Correspondence with King Joseph."

Thiers's History of the Consulate and the Empire of France under Napoleon, vol. xix, is published by Willis & Sutherland. This highly interesting volume contains: The Island of Elba and Napoleon's Return to France, Flight of the Bourbons, Additional Act, Champ de Mai, and Napoleon's Departure for Waterloo.

Bell & Daldy issue Dr. Steen's edition of Bishop Butler's Works, which will contain some as yet unprinted matter.

The Complete Works of Spenser, with Life, Notes, and Glossary, edited by J. P. Collier, is announced for immediate appearance by Bell & Daldy, the publishers.

The Athenæum says: "Mr. Mudie's [circulating] Library is certainly one of our London marvels. The British Museum contains little more than half a million books. Mr. Mudie has added to his collection in three years upward of half a million volumes. The books con

sist chiefly of works of history, biog-| raphy, travel, and the higher class of fiction. The following are the exact figures, and they are so remarkable as to deserve being put on record: History and Biography, 123,279; Travel and Adventure, 71,646; Fiction, 237,546; Miscellaneous, including works of Science and Religion, and the leading Reviews, 115,518. Total, 547,989. We suppose there is no instance in literary history of such a growth under either public or private enterprise. The rate of increase continues."

The Spirit of the Hebrew Poetry, by Isaac Taylor, Esq., author of the " Natural History of Enthusiasm," "Ultimate Civilization," etc., has just been published.

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In order to counteract the prevalent scepticism of the times, a volume has been issued of Tracts for Priests and People, by various writers. The tracts contained in the first series are sold separately as follows, price one shilling each: 1. "Religio Laici," by Thomas Hughes, the author of "Tom Brown's Schooldays.' 2. "The Mote and the Beam: a Clergyman's Lessons from the Present Panic," by the Rev. F. D. Maurice. 3. "The Atonement, as Fact and as a Theory," by the Rev. Francis Garden, Sub-Dean of her Majesty's Chapels Royal. 4. "The Signs of the Kingdom of Heaven, an Appeal to the Scripture on the Question of Miracles," by the Rev. John Llewelyn Davies, Rector of Christ's Church, St. Marylebone. 5. On Terms of Communion. 1st. "The Boundaries of the Church," by the Rev. C. K. P. 2d. "The Message of the Church," by J. V. Langley, M. A. 6. The Sermon of the Bishop of Oxford on Revelation and the Layman's Answer. 1st. "A Dialogue on Doubt," by J. M. Ludlow. 2d. "Morality and Divinity," by the Rev. F. D. Maurice. 7. "Two Lay Dialogues," by J. M. Ludlow. 1st. "On Laws of Na

ture and Faith therein." 2d. "On Positive Philosophy." A second series is to follow.

On the Reconciliation of Moses with Geology, we have the three following works:

"Some Notes on the First Chapter of Genesis, with Reference to Statements in Essays and Reviews," by the Rev. A. M'Caul, D. D., Rector of St. Magnus, St. Margaret, and St. Mi

chael, Prebendary of St. Paul's, etc. "Creation in Plan and in Progress, being an Essay on the First Chapter of Genesis," by the Rev. James Challis, M. A., F. R. S., F. R. A. S., Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy in the University of Cambridge, and late Fellow of Trinity College. "The Genealogy of Creation,' by Henry F. Pratt, M. D.

History of Wesleyan Methodism. Vol. iii: Modern Methodism. By George Smith, LL. D., F. A. S. Longman & Company.

Coheleth, commonly called the Book Translated from the of Ecclesiastes. original Hebrew, with a Commentary, Historical and Critical. By Christian D. Ginsburg. London: Longman & Company.

GERMANY.

The late Professor Baur, of Tübingen, announced in the preface to the last of his works, (the second edition of his History of the first three Centuries of the Christian Church,) that after exploring for more than thirty years the ancient history of the Christian Church, he had at length prepared the material for a work on the History of the Church during the Middle Ages. The celebrated author died (December, 1860) before the arrangements for the publication were completed; but as it was ready for the press, his son, F. F. Baur, Professor at the Gymnasium of Tübingen. has issued it soon after his father's death. (Die Christliche Kirche des Mittelalters in den Hauptmomenten ihrer Entwicklung. Tüb., 1861.) As the other works of the author, it is a memorial of his immense learning and his critical acumen, but, at the same, also of his advanced rationalistic views.

The exegetical literature of the Old Testament has received during the past three months some valuable additions. Of the "Exegetical Manual," (Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum` Alten Testament,) which has been in the course of publication for a number of years, and has the reputation of being the ablest rationalistic contribution to modern exegetical literature, the thirteenth number has just been issued. It contains a commentary on the two last books of the Pentateuch and the book of Joshua, by Professor Knobel, of the University of Giessen.

A new Bible-work, which is to extend over the entire Old Testament, has been commenced, by Professor C. F. Keil, of the University of Dorpat, in Russia, and Professor Delitzsch, of Erlangen. Both authors have already won the highest reputation as learned and orthodox expounders of the text of the Old Testament, and the theological world therefore expects from them a work that will stand a comparison with the New Testament Bible-works of Olshausen, Lange, and Meyer. It may be safely assumed that they will furnish the best exegetical apology of the Old Testament theology against the numerous rationalistic literature of the present century.

The first volume contains

a commentary on the first two books of the Pentateuch, by Professor Keil.

A new work of Professor Kahnis, of Leipzic, is sure to command general attention among theologians. By his great erudition, and his remarkable clearness of style, even in the treatment of the most abstruse subjects, he has

won for himself the reputation of being

one of the ablest theologians of the modern High Lutheran school. His work on the inner development of German Protestantism is recognized by men of all parties as one of the best works on the history of German Protestantism. His new work on Lutheran Dogmatics, (Die Lutherische Dogmatik historisch-genetisch dargestellt. Leipzic, 1861,) the first volume of which has just been published, will no doubt increase his reputation and secure a conspicuous place in. the annals of theological science.

Besides the large number of new commentaries which Germany is producing from year to year, she continues to furnish many new works of importance on the original languages of the sacred text. The Hebrew Lexicon of Dr. Fürst, a Jewish professor of the University of Leipzic, which many distinguished Orientalists declare to be superior to the work of Gesenius, has just been completed; and the standard grammar of Dr. Winer on the Greek language of the New Testament has received a rival by a new work of Dr. Schirlitz, (Grundzüge der neutestamentlichen Gräcität nach den besten Quellen für Studirende der Theolo gie und Philologie. Giessen, 1861.)

Although the theological system of Schleiermacher is losing in Germany more and more of its adherents, it seems to be fully as much studied as before.

So we judge from the large number of special works and of articles in the theological quarterlies devoted to it. Among the special publications on the subject, two lectures by Dr. Schwartz of Gotha, the author of a history of modern German theology, and by Dr. Auberlen of the University of Basel, have been received with great interest. Of the larger, autobiographic work, consisting of a selection of Schleiermacher's letters, the publication of which has already been noticed in a former number of the Methodist Quarterly, a third volume has appeared, (Aus Schleiermacher's Leben. In Briefen. Vol. 3. Berlin, 1861.)

One of the most prolific writers of the German Reformed Church, Karl Sudhoff, formerly a Roman Catholic priest, and now a minister of the German Reformed Church at Frankfort-on-the-Main, has issued a "Theological Manual for the Explanation of the Heidelberg Catechism," (Theologisches Handbuch zur Auslegung des Heidelberger Catechismus. Frankfort, 1861.) It is intended to be a festive offering for the tercentenary celebration of the publication of that celebrated catechism, which will take

place in 1862. The work contains a popular system of Christian Doctrines on the basis of the Heidelberg Catechism, historical and critical questions relating with an historical part discussing all the to the catechism.

An important philosophical publica. tion is the new work of J. W. Hanne, entitled, The Idea of the Absolute Personality; or, God and his relation to the World, in particular to the Human Personality. A Speculative-theological Investigation on the Substance, Development, and Aim of Christian Theism, (Die Idee der absoluten Persönlichkeit, etc. i vol. Hanover, 1861.) The work is to trace the development of the Christian idea of God in its contest with pantheism and deism. The first volume is divided into three books, the first of which is devoted to the pantheistic systems of European and Asiatic paganism, and to the germs of a scientific theism in Plato and Aristotle; the second to the history of the idea of God among the Gnostics and in the ancient Christian Church; and the third to the theology of the Middle Ages. The second volume will contain a review of modern systems of speculative philosophy and the author's own views.

We have had occasion in former numbers of the Quarterly Review to refer to the new materialistic school of Germany, which rejects alike Christian theology, philosophy, pantheism, and deism, and preaches barefaced atheism and materialism. It arrogantly maintains that the latest results of the natural sciences leave no room for the belief in a personal God and in the immortality of the soul. It already counts a considerable number of able writers and thousands of avowed adherents, and it has become the more dangerous, as some of its views have crept into the text-books of natural sciences used in schools and colleges. One of the best works against this school has been recently published by H. Ulrici, one of the editors of the Quarterly Journal for Philosophy, under the title God and Nature, (God und Natur. Leipzic, 1861.) The author thoroughly reviews the last results of each of the natural sciences, and shows that, far from supporting the pretensions of pantheism, atheism, and materialism, they lead to quite different conclusions. He gives large extracts from the standard text-books of geology, astronomy, physics, chemistry, botany, and physiology, in order to leave no doubt as to the accuracy of his statements, and to enable his readers to understand the subject fully. The last part of the work contains a speculative discussion of the idea of God, and of his relation to nature and mankind.

A new philosophical system has been for some time attracting attention in Germany, which is radically different from all the celebrated schools preceding it, and which exceeds all of them in strangeness. Although set forth by its author, Arthur Schopenhauer, (died in Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1860,) as long ago as 1819, it has been entirely ignored at the universities of Germany and in the numerous manuals of the history of philosophy, until recently some of the disciples of Schopenhauer, especially Dr. Frauenstädt, have succeeded in making it more extensively known, Dr. Frau-. enstädt, after explaining the system in several works and in a number of the leading literary journals of Germany, has recently issued a collection of what he considers the best passages in the works of his master, (Lichtstrahlen aus Schopenhauer's Werken. Leipzic, 1861.) As so little is known of the system of Schopenhauer, though it is now often

referred to in the literary controversies, we subjoin a brief outline of its principal points. According to Schopenhauer, the only thing truly real, original, and metaphysical is will. The world of objects consists merely of appearances, and lies entirely in our representation. Will is the "thing in itself" of the Kantian philosophy, the substratum of all appear. ances and of nature itself. It is totally different from, and wholly independent of cognition; can exist and manifest itself without it, and actually does so in all nature from animated beings downward. Will is the power through which every object is enabled to exist and to operate. Not only the voluntary actions of animated beings, but also the organic frame of their bodies, its form and quality, the vegetation of plants, and, in the inorganic empire of nature, crystalliza. tion, and every other original power which manifests itself in physical and chemical phenomena, as well as gravity, is something outside of appearance and identical with what we find in ourselves as will. This will, manifesting itself in all substances, is identical and indestructible. An intuitive recognition of the identity of will in all the phenomena separated by individuation is the source of justice, benevolence, and love, while from a non-recognition of its identity spring egotism and malice. It also results from the original identity of will in all its phenomena, that the reward of the good and the punishment of the bad are not reserved to a future heaven and a future hell, but are ever present. His system of ethics was erected by Schopenhauer on the principle of a negation of the individual will, and the best model of a realization of this principle he found in the lives of the saints. Should this turning away from life, which appears sporadically in the lives of the saints, become general, then, according to Schopenhauer, the present world would disappear and be succeeded by a new order of things. Works on the philosophy of Schopenhauer have been published by Frauenstädt, (Leipzic, 1854;) Cornill, (Heidelberg, 1856:) Seydel, (Leipzic, 1857;) Bähr, (Dresden, 1857 ;) Asher, (Leipzic, 1855;) and others.

"The Brothers of the Rough House " is the name of a religious association in Protestant Germany founded by Dr. Wichern, one of the most distinguished divines of the evangelical school. Germany has produced a number of similar

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institutions, as the Deaconesses of Kaisersworth and many others, which, although their organization may seem to bear some resemblance to the monastic orders of Romanism, have thus far kept themselves entirely free from Romanizing and High Church tendencies, and possess the undivided approbation of the evangelical party of Germany. The Brothers of the Rough House have greatly distinguished themselves teachers of primary schools, as superintendents of the jails, and in the discharge of many other public offices. Not a little sensation was therefore created by the work of a law professor at the University of Berlin on the association, (Holtzendorff, Die Brüderschaft des Rauhen Hauses, ein Protestantischer Orden im Staatsdienst. Berlin, 1861,) professing to have made startling discoveries "from documents not before published," and charging the Brethren with being a kind of Protestant Jesuits, an association of hypocrites, and most dangerous both to Church and State. As no charge had ever before been brought against the brethren, the public was anxious to be acquainted with the new discovery. But it soon appeared that the pamphlet was only dictated by blind hatred against a well-deserved institution, that it produced nothing but what all the numerous friends of the institution had known for years, and that it betrayed throughout an astonishing ignorance of the subject. It was therefore easy for one of the leading men in the association, Rev. Mr. Oldenburgh, to demolish the arguments and the charge of the Berlin professor. His work, Die Brüder des Rauhen Hauses, (Berlin,) has given full satisfaction, and is recommended by the entire religious press of Germany.

FRANCE.

THOUGH the French literature of the last three months affords no work of any striking interest, it has been active, and has rather increased than diminished the sphere of its investigations. Symptoms can be detected of its tendency to abandon the frivolous and sensational kind of writing, so offensive to taste and to decency, which during the last thirty years has filled up the feuilletons of French dailies, and which, unfortunately for the morals of the country, too often insinuated itself beneath the alluring aspect of ⚫ its yellow cover and pompous title into

the family of the busy workingman, and even of the honest peasant. These symptoms are perceptible in the highest class, and especially among the Bourgeoisie, who, in France as well as in other countries, give tone to public opinion and direction to public taste. For instance, such works as those of Flaubert and Feydau, the appearance of which caused so great a sensation a few years ago, and which were particularly noted for their unblushing boldness, could hardly find readers to-day. Persons acquainted with the effect likely to flow from this fact do not hesitate to announce the advent of a new era in French æsthetics more congenial with the high character of its science, and of certain departments of its literature. In imitation of the taste prevailing in Germany for the last twenty-five years, the French have lately taken much interest in philology and in the origin of races. Old languages, old nations, old laws and customs, old arts and manners, seem to absorb as great a share of their attention as physiological studies, oftentimes the pretext of the most indecent expositions. They have now among them men worthy of being their leaders in this new field of research, whose knowledge and artistical accomplishments are calculated to make that a most attractive topic. The name of the Orientalist Renan, for instance, and the fame he enjoys as a philologist, a philosopher, and a writer, cannot fail to exercise a healthy influence on the present condition and destiny of French letters. Nor is the work of reformation just begun likely to stop at the frivolous department of the feuilleton. The sudden development of industrial interests hav ing, as in England, caused many evils among the French workingmen, a new class of writers have applied themselves to the researches of the causes which have produced them, and of the means the best calculated to their removal. House rent, taxes, the division of the family produced by the division of labor, the difficulty for the laborer to procure education for his family, the insufficiency of the salary, etc., are, at the time we write, engaging the attention of men of letters and opening a more serious field to literature. These have, among other considerations of a lesser importance, contributed to give a more elevated character to French letters, and it needs only an extension of the sphere of the

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