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ological Quarterly) has deservedly won the reputation of being the ablest scientific journal of Roman Catholic theology. Neither in Italy, France, England, or any other country has the Church a journal that can compare with it. Once it had among its contributors men like Möhler, Hirscher, and Drey, and among its present editors Dr. Hefele and Dr. Kuhn are respected as scholars, also by Protestant theologians. From time to time it still contains articles of great value; but, on the whole, it wields no longer that influence which it possessed at the time of Möhler. The first number of 1862 contains articles on "Nature and Grace," a subject which has of late again called forth a great deal of controversy in the Church of Rome, by Professor Schmid; another archæological one, by Meckel, on some old liturgical documents; and a third, on the Religious Condition of Germany before the Reformation, by Dr. Gröne, a young author, who attempted some years ago to whitewash the famous seller of indulgences, Tetzel. Extended notices are given of the work of the late Dr. Gfrörer on Pope Gregory VII. and his Age (seven volumes, concluded in 1861;) of Dr. Greith's work on the Mystic Writers on the Order of Dominicans; and also a review of the (Protestant) Introduction to the Old Testament, by the late Professor Bleek, of Bonn. The reviewer calls the author a "deserved veteran upon the field of biblical science," and his book "a work based on thorough studies, and really promoting the science." The establishment of a Protestant journal, devoted to ecclesiastical law, had led to the enlargement of a Roman Catholic paper of the same kind, (Archiv für Katholisches Kirchenrecht,) which was established in 1857, and is now edited by Professor Moy, of the University of Innsbruck, and Professor Vering of Heidelberg. It counts among its contributors professors of the Universities of Munich, Vienna, Bonn, Tübingen, Preslau, Prague, and other eminent jurists and statesmen. The journal brings, besides other matter, editorials on the important questions respecting the relation between Church and State, and an abstract of the proceedings of parliaments and legislatures on such questions. In its present arrangement it contains valuable material for the current religious history of the age.

Professor Hagenbach, of Basel, has published another volume of his popular

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lectures on the History of the Christian Church, embracing the time from the thirteenth century to the end of the fifteenth, (Vorlesungen über die Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters. Vol. 2. Leipsic, 1861.) This volume completes the course of lectures on Church history, which the author commenced about thirty years ago, with the history of the Reformation of the sixteenth century, and which now extends to the end of the eighteenth century. As the several volumes were published at great intervals, and not in chronological order, there are, as the author himself says, some incongruities in them; but this deficiency he proposes to remedy by fusing all the separate and independent volumes into one work, to which a Church history of the nineteenth century will be added, thus forming a complete popular Church history from the beginning of the Church to the present day.

The controversy on the "Brothers of the Rough House" (see Methodist Quarterly Review, January, 1862, p. 160) is being continued. The venerable Dr. Wichern, the founder of the institution. has himself undertaken its defense in a little work called "The Rough House: its Children and Brethren." (Das Rauhe Haus, seine Kinder und Brüder. Hamburgh, 1861.) It gives complete and official information on the organization of the association, and conclusively shows up the ignorance and malice of its assailants. On the other hand, a new pamphlet against the association has been published by Dr. J. Duboc, (Die Propaganda des Rauhen Hauses und das Johannes Stift zu Berlin. Leipsic, 1862,) which attacks the spirit of the German Home Missionary Society, and of evangelical Protestantism in general.

We learn from a biographical notice of the late Professor Baur, of Tübingen, in the Preussische Jahrbücher, (October, 1861,) that besides the posthumous work on the Church History of the Middle Ages, (see Methodist Quarterly Review, Jan., 1862, p. 158,) a volume of the Church History of the Nineteenth Century may be expected from the manuscripts of the learned author, and perhaps still another on the time from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth, thus constituting, with the former works of the author, a complete course of historical works extending over the entire history of the Christian Church.

he has always been, a staunch advocate of the ecclesiastical claims of his Church, and takes unnecessary pains in strengthening this reputation by a violent denunciation of the leaders of the national movement in Italy; but while his book has been reviewed by papers of all shades of religious belief, no party is more dissatisfied with it than the ultramontane, for he makes uncommonly large concessions as to the deficiencies of his Church, and again, at least, intimates that, in case of another political organization of the states, the abolition of the temporal power might be not only harmless, but even a blessing for the Church.

Two important works have been re-glish translation. The author still is, as cently published, bearing on the history of the Pietists. The one contains "Contributions to the History of Hermann Francke, inclusive of the Correspondence between Francke and Spener, (Beiträge zur Geschichte H. Francke's. Halle, 1861,) by G. Kramer, the Director of the Orphan House at Halle, one of the noble institutions which immortalize the name of H. Francke. These contributions consist of manuscripts recently found in the library of the Orphan House, and contain, among other matter, an account by Francke of "The Beginning and Progress of his Conversion;" a chronological summary of the principal events in Francke's life, also written by himself, and the correspondence between Francke and Spener, which fills the larger portion of the volume, about three hundred pages. The second work is a series of lectures on " Johann Winckler, and the Church of Hamburgh at his time," (Winkler und die Hamburgische Kirche zu seiner Zeit. Hamburgh, 1861,) by Dr. Geffcken. Winckler was one of the intimate friends of Spener, and a staunch advocate of the "Collegia Pietatis," (Prayer Meetings;) he is at the same time one of the greatest men whom the Lutheran Church of Hamburgh has produced.

Another distinguished Roman Catholic writer of Germany, and colleague of Döllinger at the University of Munich, Professor Frohschammer, has commenced the publication of a periodical devoted exclusively to philosophy, and entitled "Athenæum.” Professor Frohschammer, though still a young man, has already won a high reputation as an able and profound writer on philosophical subjects. Nearly all his works, especially the pamphlet in which he recently pleaded for the liberty of science, (see Methodist Quarterly Review, October, 1861, p. 677,) have been placed on the Roman index; but the author, we believe, has thus far refused to recant. He has passed from the theological faculty of the University of Munich to the philosophical, in which he is less incommoded by the inquisitorial superintendence of the Church authorities. The periodical which Professor Frohschammer has just begun to edit is the first of its kind in Catholic Germany, while Protestant Germany has already four, namely, Zeitschrift für Philosophie, by Dr. Fichte; Zeitschrift für exacte Philosophie, by Dr. Allihn; Der Gedanke, by Dr. Michelet; and Psyche, by Dr. Nook.

By far the most important work of recent Roman Catholic literature is an elaborate treatise of the distinguished historian, Professor Döllinger, on "Pope and Popedom, Church and Churches." It has grown out of the two lectures which the author held last year on the temporal power of the pope, and which created so great an excitement, as it was understood that the greatest historian of the Roman Catholic Church, for such Dr. Döllinger undoubtedly is, had come out in favor of abolishing the temporal power. An account of the lectures was telegraphed to the papers of Paris, and from there was transmitted by the same way to Italy, and created in both countries a deep sensation. Dr. Döllinger designated at once the impression that he was an enemy of the pope's temporal power, as erroneous, and announced that he would publish his views in a more elaborate form, with the two original lectures as an appendix. This promise he has fulfilled by the publica-philosophy. The second volume, which tion of the above work, which has already been translated into French and Italian, and will soon appear in an Eu

Another professor of the same University of Munich, (which owes its great prosperity to the liberal policy of the present king,) Dr. Carl Prantl, has in the course of publication a "History of Logics in Western Europe," which is called by the most competent critics one of the very best works on the history of

has recently appeared, (Geschichte der Logik in Abendlande. Leipsic, 1861.) treats of the works of the Latin

writers from the seventh until the thirteenth century, and of the Byzantine and Arabic literature. The author does not belong among the admirers of the civilization of the Middle Ages. He can find no true philosophy in that age; none of its writers, according to his opinion, developed original thought; but their work consisted only in an external raking together, and in translating the matter which presented itself to them. Neither Anselm nor Abelard are regarded by him as the deep and independent thinkers which they are generally represented. The important controversy on the significance of the universals, which pervades the entire Middle Ages, has found in the work of Professor Prantl for the first time a development which fully elucidates its causes and motives, and follows it in all its stages, turns, and ramifications, which are too manifold to be exhausted by the common appellations of Nominalism, Realism, and Conceptualism.

If from the number of books published on a particular subject an inference may be drawn as to the number of persons feeling an interest in it, the singular philosophical system of Schopenhauer, which we briefly delineated in the last number of the Methodist Quarterly Review, is still being extensively studied. In addition to the works named in our former notice, two new ones have made their appearance during the last three months, namely, Nagel's "Remarks on Schopenhauer's Philosophical System: The Worldas Will and Representation," "(Bemerkungen über Schopenhauer's System. Bremen, 1861,) and Gwinner, "S.Schopenhauer, as seen in Personal Intercourse," (Schopenhauer aus persönlichem Umgange dargestellt. Leipsic, 1861.)

The philosophical literature of Germany is, as usual, very rich; but we have only room to mention the titles of a few other important works.

Loewe "On the Philosophy of Fichte and its Relation to Kant and Spinoza," (Die Philosophie Fichte's. Stuttgardt, 1861;) Mager, on "Materialism and Spiritualism," (Zur Verständigung über Materialismus und Spiritualismus. Giessen, 1861;) a translation of the Spanish work of Balmes on "Fundamental Philosophy," Lehrbuch der Elemente der Philosophie. Regensburgh, 1861, 2d ed.;) another work on fundamental philosophy by Chalybaeus, Professor at the University of Kiel, and a well-known writer

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on philosophical subjects, (Fundamenta Philosophie. Kiel, 1861;) an attempt to bring on what the author calls a "Reconciliation between Theism and Pantheism," by Bühler, (Theocrisis. Berlin, 1861.)

FRANCE.

In the article on the Critical Theology in France, in the number of January 1 of the Revue des Deux Mondes, Charles de Remusat gives an account of a new school of French Protestantism, which, though it has an independent origin and some particularities of its own, occupies, with regard to Christian doctrines, about the same position as the Tubingen school in Germany and the authors of the "Essays and Reviews" in England. The works which Mr. Remusat reviews, and which he designates as the most important of the school, are: Melanges de Critique Religiouse, par E. Scherer; Essays de Critique Religieuse, par A. Reville; Sermons, par T. Colani; Histoire de la Theologie Chretienne, par E. Reuss. Though not a theologian he has mastered his subject, and states the principal features of the school and of each of the above-named four works with great precision. He commends all the four works for their scientific value. He thinks that the Critical School has a mission to perform, and expresses a wish to see it become more widely known. But as to the results of their theology he pronounces it a failure. The radical distinction made by the theologians of the Critical School between subjective faith, which they pretend to preserve, and even to strengthen. within themselves, and theological science, which claims the right to discuss and to deny all the facts of the biblical history, and all the doctrines of the Christian Churches, he declares inadmissible. Faith, M. Remusat says, rests on and presupposes external and historical facts If these objective facts are destroyed, faith has no longer any foundation. It will be an effect without a cause; in its essence it will be nothing. The Critical Theology has therefore, in his opinion, a very difficult task before it; it must re-establish a bond between the subjective and the objective. It must find in Christianity or in religion a minimum that is above critical investigation; for the great question to solve for the Critical School of Theology is not what the Christians feel, but what is Christianity? The tenor of M. Remusat's article

throughout is very objective, almost skeptical. He does not express a conviction that no such scheme as the Critical School proposes to itself has a chance to succeed; but, as an eclectic philosopher, confines himself to speak of probabilities. And among the "probabilities" which he affirms is, that it will never be possible to explain away the supernatural element in the evangelical history. He seems inclined to look upon it as an impregnable fortress; but, as already stated before, he does not speak as one of its defenders.

The learned editor of the Revue Chretienne, E. de Pressensé, has published two more volumes of his Church History of the first three centuries, describing the great struggle of Christianity against Paganism: The era of the Martyrs and the Apologists, (Histoire des trois premiers siècles de l'Eglise Chretienne. Second Series. La grande lutte du Christianisme contre le Paganisme. Les Martyrs et les Apologistes. 2 vols. Paris, 1861.) The first two volumes of Pressensé have been generally pronounced to be one of the greatest historical works that have been ever produced by French Protestantism. Professor Colani has published another volume of Sermons, (Quatre Sermons prêches à Nimes. Strasburg, 1861.) Colani is one of the leaders of the Critical School of Theology in France, and since 1850 is the editor of its organ, Revue de Théologie et de Philosophie Chretienne. Charles de Remusat, in the above-mentioned article in the Revue des Deux Mondes, on the Critical Theology of France, says of the works of Colani: "His sermons have produced an immense sensation in Strasburg. Three volumes have been published, and all Christian denominations, I think, might profit by them.

It is

easy, in my opinion, to find in him the first requisite of a preacher, the power to make us examine our own hearts. The human heart has few secrets for Mr. Colani. He traces with great truth all that cotemporary events and the manners and ideas of the age have made of the sinful soul. I do not believe that any one has known better than he to apply to the new state of society the ethics of the Gospel, and to show how the precepts and the examples of the sacred book are applicable to sentiments and wants which at first may appear to be so far from it. He is not the enemy of his times; he shares all the aspirations of modern societies which seem to be innocent or praiseworthy; his severity bears no resemblance to ill humor, and his rigor is no misanthropy." The great talent displayed in all the works of Colani is recognized by ali his critics, yet the influence of the Rationalistic school, of which he is the head, is on the decline.

Among other recent theological and philosophical publications of France are:

Nicolas, Etudes Critiques sur la Bible, (Ancien Testament.) The author is Professor at the Theological Faculty of Montauban, and belongs also to the Rationalistic school.

Esteoule, (also Protestant,) Essai sur l'autorité de l'Ancien Testament. Daurignac, Histoire de St. Francois d'Assise.

Foucher de Careil, Leibnitz, la Philoso phie juive et la Cabale. Leibnitic Observationes, ad Rabbi Mosis Maimonidis librum qui inscribitur, "Doctor Perplexorum." In Latin and in French. The author is also at present editing the first complete edition of the works of Leibnitz. Véra, Le Hegelianisms et la Philosophie.

ART. X.-SYNOPSIS OF THE QUARTERLIES, AND OTHERS OF THE HIGHER PERIODICALS.

American Quarterly Reviews.

AMERICAN THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, January, 1862.-1. The Theological System of Emmons. 2. The Ante-Nicene Trinitarianism. 3. Memorial of the American Board. 4. The Two Schools of Philosophy. 5. Gardiner Spring, D. D., and the Brick Church, N. Y. 6. The Beauty of Holiness.

AMERICAN QUARTERLY CHURCH REVIEW, January, 1862.-1. The AnteNicene Doctrine of the Trinity. 2. The American Board of Foreign

Missions and the Oriental Churches. 3. The Provincial Synod of the Province of Canada. 4. Early Annals of the American Church. 5. Motley's History of the Dutch Republic. 6. Chrystal's Modes of Baptism. 7. Bishop Bowman. 8. The Two Regenerations.

BIBLICAL REPERTORY AND PRINCETON REVIEW, January, 1862.-1. God and Revelation. 2. Memoirs of Philip de Mornay. 3. The Human Body as related to Sanctification. 4. Bilderdijk. 5. Are there too many Ministers? 6. England and America.

EVANGELICAL REVIEW, January, 1862.-1. Slavery among the Ancient Hebrews. 2. Remarks on Matthew vi, 25-34. 3. Reminiscences of deceased Lutheran Ministers. 4. Isaac blessing Jacob. 5. John Gottlieb Fichte. 6. A Call to the Christian Ministry. 7. Exposition on Romans viii, 33-39. 8. Dissensions among Christians. 9. Hymn from the German.

NEW ENGLANDER, January, 1862.-1. Chrysostom, the Pulpit Orator of the Fourth Century. 2. The Lake Region in Central Africa, South of the Equator. 3. How to accommodate a Worshiper. 4. Review of W. H. Dixon's "Personal History of Lord Bacon." 5. Adequacy of the Constitution. 6. The Justice of God as a Theme for the Preacher. 7. The Claims of the Higher Seminaries of Learning on the Liberality of the Wealthy. 8. Our Unity as a Nation. 9. "The Wars of the Lord." 10. Catalogue of the Boston Public Library. 11. Hautefeuille on some recent Questions of International Law.

PRESBYTERIAN QUARTERLY REVIEW, January, 1862.-1. The Permanent in Christianity. 2. The Progressive Tendency in Knowledge. 3. The Holy Spirit. 4. John Bunyan, the Prose Poet. 5. The War for the Union. 6. The Okavango River.

UNIVERSALIST QUARTERLY AND GENERAL REVIEW, January, 1862.— 1. The Ulster Revival. 2. The Gospel and the Soul. 3. The Preexistence of Christ. 4. The Old and the New. 5. The Divine Power in Salvation. 6. The Hope of Salvation a Working Principle. 7. Olmsted's Cotton Kingdom.

BIBLIOTHECA SACRA AND BIBLICAL REPOSITORY, January, 1862.-1. Christ Preaching to the Spirits in Prison. 2. Saalschüts on Hebrew Servitude. 3. The Tübingen Historical School. 4. Life of Erasmus. 5. Close Communion. 6. The Imprecatory Psalms viewed in the Light of the Southern Rebellion. 7. Remarks on Renderings of the Common Version, (in the Epistle to the Galatians.)

The Bibliotheca Sacra has, during its entire existence, sustained the highest rank for profound biblical and theological scholarship and ability of any periodical in England or America. In the hands of its present editors, Professor Park and Principal Taylor, it amply sustains its reputation. With the commencement of the present year it assumes a new position, which entitles it to a new consideration by all the evangelical denominations of our country. Though in the hands of gentlemen of a particular denomination, it disavows the character of a "sectarian" or "partisan" periodical.

Its editors have been, and intend to be, liberal in admitting such articles as they do not, in all respects, indorse. They insert able essays from different evangelical schools. They are not to be held responsible for any statement which does not appear under their own names.

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