ducted. Many of the scientific papers published by the bureau are prepared here, where the excellent fisheries library is available.

(5b) Biological Stations are located at Wood's Hole, Mass., Beaufort, N. C., Fairport, Iowa, and Key West, Fla. At each station the staff conducts scientific investigations similar to those carried on in the main laboratory at Washington, but pertaining especially to the fisheries of the neighboring waters.

(6) Division of Fishery Industries. This division is most directly concerned with the welfare of the commercial fishery industries of the United States. It conducts laboratory investigations directed toward improvement of methods of preparing fresh, cured, and canned fish for market. It collects and publishes statistics on the fisheries and disseminates this information for trade use and for the use of biologists in investigating problems involving fisheries conservation. It secures the co-operation of states in collecting statistical information. on their fisheries.

(6a) The Technological Laboratory is chiefly engaged in experimental investigations connected with the production and consumption of fish and fishery products. It is conducted under the policy that conservation in its truest sense means the best utilization of fishery resources compatible with their continued productivity. Particular attention is directed toward the most complete utilization of waste products and the most efficient conduct of the fishery and fisheries industries. It prepares for publication scientific and technical reports on the preservation and utilization of aquatic products, the preservation of nets and related subjects.

(6b) The Statistical Section is concerned with the collection, compilation, publication, and distribution of statistical information on the fisheries. Its regular program includes periodical canvasses of the United States taken up by natural geographical sections, taking complete statistics on all phases of the fisheries. Each geographical section is canvassed about once in five years. It collects and publishes annual statistics on the canned fisheries products and by-products of the United States, in which particular attention is directed toward early publication of results for trade information. It collects quarterly statistics on the production of fish oils and consumption of canning oils in fish canning establishments for the Bureau of the Census. It co-operates with the Department of Agriculture, through its Bureau of Agricultural Economics, in publishing statistics on the cold storage holdings of frozen fish. It conducts economic investigations in certain fisheries in need of particular attention. Market surveys of cities are made from time to time.

(6c) The Statistical Agents, with headquarters at Washington and operating under the direction of the Division of Fishery Industries, make statistical investigations of the fisheries of the United States by geographical sections, reporting the number of persons engaged, the amount of capital invested, the number and character of the vessels, boats, and apparatus used, and the quantity and value of the catch. They also collect the statistics on canned fishery products and by-products annually.

(6d) Local Agents are located at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., Portland, Me., and Seattle, Wash. They secure daily reports of the quantity and value of fish

landed by vessels at the ports named. These are compiled in the office of the Division of Fishery Industries and published in monthly bulletins and annual summaries.

(6e) Sponge Protection Service. This service consists of one agent, who patrois the waters of the West Florida coast for the purpose of enforcing the federal laws governing the taking of sponges in extraterritorial waters. He examines the cargoes of the sponging vessels, both at sea and in port, and in cases of infraction of the law lays information before the appropriate federal law officers and causes the arrest of the offenders and the seizure of vessels and cargoes pending a hearing in court.

5. Publications

The publications of the Bureau of Fisheries are of two classes, general and special.

The general publications are pamphlets which may be grouped in two series, as follows:

(a) The Annual Report of the Commissioner, which is a brief administrative record of the year's activities, and various special reports or appendixes on different branches of the work. These documents as a group take the place of the former Annual Report volume, but are distributed only as independent octavo pamphlets; a general title-page and table of contents for each annual series being distributed, however, for the convenience of those who wished to bind them.

(b) The papers composing the annual bulletin on miscellaneous subjects and frequently technical, issued in royal octavo, with continuous pagination. These papers are distributed only as separates, with a general title-page, table of contents, and index, issued when the volume is complete.

The free distribution of the "general publications" of the bureau has been discontinued. The only exceptions are institutions and specialists collaborating or exchanging with the bureau and state and foreign fishery officials. Documents issued in the bureau's exploitation and propaganda work, together with the Commissioner's annual report, will be supplied free, as heretofore. Applications for publications not available for free distribution should be addressed to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., who will supply them at prices stated in List of Publications of the Department of Commerce.

Economic Circulars contain brief advance reports of investigations of economic importance or brief statements of information of timely significance not requiring more extensive treatment. These circulars are octavo leaflets, with independent serial numbers.14

Statistical Bulletins cover (a) statistics of fish landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., Portland, Me., and Seattle, Wash., by American fishing vessels, and coldstorage holdings of fish, these statements being issued monthly; and (b) special bulletins on various fishery industries issued as occasion demands or as investi

14 These special publications ("Economic Circulars" and "Statistical Bulletins") for special distribution to industries, individuals, or localities interested.

gations or canvasses are completed. These bulletins are single sheets, with independent serial numbers.14

(e) Price List 21 of the Government Publications on Fishes, for sale by Superintendent of Documents.

14 These special publications ("Economic Circulars" and "Statistical Bulletins") for special distribution to industries, individuals, or localities interested.

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CHAPTER 41

BUREAU OF LIGHTHOUSES

1. General Functions

The Lighthouse Service is charged with the establishment and maintenance of aids to navigation on the coasts and rivers of the United States and its territories. Its jurisdiction extends over the Atlantic, Gulf, Great Lakes, and Pacific Coasts, the principal interior rivers, and the outlying territories of the United States, except the Philippine Islands and the Canal Zone. In the Philippines, aids to navigation are maintained entirely by the Philippine government. The Canal Zone government has charge of the lighting of the canal and its approaches. On the American Samoan Islands and the island of Guam, and at Guantanamo, Cuba, the aids to navigation are maintained under the supervision of the naval commandants at the expense of the Lighthouse Service. The term "aids to navigation" comprises all land and sea marks for the purpose of aiding the navigation of vessels, and includes lighthouses and stations, lightships, fog signals, buoys of all kinds, minor lights, and day beacons. The Lighthouse Service has supervision over the establishment and maintenance of private aids to navigation and the lighting of bridges over navigable waters of the United States. Its jurisdiction over rivers not included in tidewater navigation is restricted to such streams as are specifically named in the various acts of Congress. However, these now include practically all of the important navigable rivers of the country.

2. History

By the Act of August 7, 1789,1 Congress authorized the maintenance of lighthouses and other aids to navigation at the expense of the federal government. At that time there were in operation along the Atlantic Coast twelve lighthouses, which had been erected and maintained by the several colonies. These, together with four others completed later, were ceded to the federal government by the states, and the maintenance of lighthouses and buoys was made the duty of the Treasury Department. Up to 1820 the service was directed by the Secretary of the Treasury, either in person or through an officer known as the Commissioner of Revenue. In 1820 its administration was imposed upon the Fifth Auditor of the Treasury, who became known as the General Superintendent of Lights. His duties with respect to the lighthouse establishment were put upon a statutory basis by the Act of March 3, 1845, and he continued to direct the service until its general reorganization in 1852.

In accordance with the terms of the Act of March 3, 1851,3 a board consisting of Army and Navy officers and civilian officers of scientific attainments made

11 Stat. 53.

25 Stat. 762.

39 Stat. 628, 629.

an inquiry, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, into the condition of the Lighthouse Service. Its report was presented in 1852. As a result the Lighthouse Board was established by the Act of August 31, 1852, composed of the Secretary of the Treasury, as president ex officio, two Army officers, two Navy officers, and two technical civilian employees of the government, with a Navy officer and an Army officer as secretaries. This board, under the superintendence of the Secretary of the Treasury, was to have entire charge of the construction, maintenance and operation of lighthouses and other aids to navigation. Officers of the Army and the Navy were to be detailed to the several districts as lighthouse inspectors, and an Army Engineer was to be detailed to superintend construction and repair work.

The Lighthouse Service continued as thus constituted for over half a century.5 In 1903 it was transferred without change in organization to the Department of Commerce and Labor. In 1910 the Lighthouse Board was abolished, and the Bureau of Lighthouses was established in the Department of Commerce and Labor to take over its duties. The purposes of this change were to bring about a simpler organization, with more definite responsibility, and to place the Lighthouse Service upon a civil basis. Nevertheless, under the terms of the law, Army Engineer officers may still act as superintendents in the Mississippi river districts.

In the early history of the United States the work of the Lighthouse Service was confined to the maintenance of lights along the Atlantic Coast. Its jurisdiction has from time to time been extended, until it now maintains and operates lights and aids to navigation, not only on the Eastern and Western seacoasts of the United States, but on the Great Lakes, on the rivers of the United States, and on the coasts of all territories under the jurisdiction of the United States, with the exception of the Philippine Islands and the Canal Zone.

The following table shows the growth of the Lighthouse Establishment, by twenty-year periods and for the last completed year:

5 See Act July 7, 1838 (5 Stat. 292); Act March 3, 1859 (11 Stat. 424); Act July 15, 1870 (16 Stat. 309); Act March 3, 1873 (17 Stat. 511); Act June 22, 1874 (18 Stat. 201); Act June 23, 1874 (18 Stat. 220); Act June 16, 1880 (21 Stat. 263).

6 Act Feb. 14, 1903 (32 Stat. 826 [Comp. St. § 857]). See, for next five years' legislation, Act June 20, 1906 (34 Stat. 324); Act May 14, 1908 (35 Stat. 162); and Act May 28, 1908 (35 Stat. 428 [Comp. St. § 7969]).

7 See Act June 17, 1910, c. 301 (36 Stat. 538).