Britain. There are, as a matter of fact, whole counties, such as Northumberland, where there are, so far as Beddoe' is aware, no traces of this race.

The skulls from the caves of Perth-y-chwaren in North Wales, which were disinterred by Boyd-Dawkins and figured by him, differ considerably from the common British Neolithic type, not merely in breadth, but in physiognomy. The cranial index of this type is 76.5, and it may be related to the French Mesaticephalic race of Furfooz.

Britain was next invaded by a race which introduced bronze implements. It was robust and tall, not less than five feet nine inches (1752 mm.) in stature, bony, largebrained, harsh-featured, high-nosed, with prominent brows, and a breadth index of over 80. The majority probably had light hair. They resembled the Borreby race of Denmark, and the Swiss or Helvetian race of ancient Switzerland, though with somewhat larger breadth. The modern Walloons of Southern Belgium have some affinities to this type. Dr. Beddoe further states that this race may have come from Denmark, or from the north of France, or from Belgium; and it may have brought with it the Celtic language.

The immigrants who introduced bronze into Britain usually buried their dead chieftains in round barrows, hence they are often termed the Round Barrow race. In Plate I., Figs. 4-6, we have a good example of a skull of this race. It is interesting, however, to note that this specimen was actually obtained from a long barrow. It did not occur, like the skull of the other race (Figs. 1-3), on the ground in the centre of a barrow, but was excavated from a depth of two feet from the surface; that is, it is what is called a " secondary interment," thus proving that the newcomers occasionally made use of the barrows of their predecessors.

'J. Beddoe, "Sur l'Histoire de l'Indice céphalique dans les Iles Britanniques," L'Anthropologie, v., 1894, pp. 513, 658.

Upper, Front, and Side Views of Skulls of the Long and Round Barrow Races, photographed by the Author from specimens in the Cambridge Anatomical Museum.

FIG. 1.-Long Barrow, Dinnington, Rotherham. Length, 204; breadth, 143; cran, index, 70.1; ht.-length index, 70.1; ht.-br. index, 100; orb. index, 87.2; nas. index, 42; capacity, 1755; male.

FIG. 2.-Skull of a man of the Round Barrow Race, from a secondary interment, two feet below the surface, in a long barrow, Winterbourne Stoke. Length, 177; breadth, 156; cran. index, 88.1; orb. index, 87.5; nas. index, 49.1.

Dr. Beddoe does not appear to recognise the possibility of the presence in the British Islands of the Neolithic brachycephals of France. I have recently' expressed myself as follows:

"I am inclined to think that the Neolithic brachycephals of Central Europe did come over to the British Islands, and that traces of them are still to be seen, perhaps more frequently in Ireland than in Great Britain. If this be so, it is probable they came as a mixed people, that mixture of brachycephals and southern dolichocephals which Broca called 'Celts,' for it must be remembered that he regarded the Celta of Cæsar as a mixed people, but mainly brachycephals. The Neolithic brachycephalic immigrants into Western Europe almost certainly came from Eastern Europe, and possibly originally from Asia; it is also probable that they were primitively of the same stock as the Lapps and Finns, or rather one constituent of the latter people. It may be that the short, dark, brachycephalic element in the British Islands was largely due to the northern brachycephals who came direct from Scandinavia in the Neolithic period, or both northern and southern brachycephals may have contributed their respective shares."

The period of the Roman domination is considered by Beddoe to have somewhat diminished the numerical proportion of the former dominant caste, which was brachycephalic, or at least mesaticephalic; it introduced a certain amount of foreign blood (Italian and other), and it favoured amalgamation among the different elements of the population.

"The racial elements imported must have been extremely mixed, and probably left scarcely any permanent traces, though

1 A. C. Haddon, "Studies in Irish Craniology, III.: A Neolithic Cist Burial at Oldbridge, County Meath," Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. (3), iv., 1898, p. 570.

there may be some in a few ancient towns such as Gloucester or Leicester. Among relics from the Romano-British villages, our knowledge of which has been so much increased by General Pitt-Rivers, there are one or two skulls which, in the opinion of Dr. Garson as well as of myself [Beddoe], show Roman or Italian characteristics."

The Anglo-Saxon invasions were of different tribes which were local varieties of the Germanic type of the row graves or Hohberg type. This type is best represented on the Continent by the ancient skulls of Bremen so well described by Gildemeister. In the earliest days of that city the Batavian or Frisian variety also occurred; this variety is flatter in the crown and somewhat broader than the more typical form, and it has been recognised in Saxon England by Beddoe and quite recently by Myers.'

"John Bull," says Beddoe,' "is of the Batavian type; the Grave-row, that of the barbarian warrior, is perhaps rather more aristocratic; but the outlines of the former may be connected, as Virchow thinks possible, with the obstinacy and love of freedom and individuality of both Frisian and Englishman. 'These men,' said an old chronicler of the Frisians, been high of body, stern of virtue, strong and fierce of heart: they be free, and not subject to lordship of any man; and they put their lives in peril by cause of freedom, and would liever die than embrace the yoke of thraldom.'"

The following table is adapted from one in Dr. Beddoe's Histoire de l'Index Céphalique:

1 J. Beddoe, The Anthropological History of Europe: Being the Rhind Lectures for 1891 (A. Gardner, London, 1893), p. 91.

Journ. Anth. Inst., xxvi., p. 113.

3 Loc. cit., p. 91.