153. Adverbs of quality are, as a general rule, formed by adding ká, the infinitive of au, to become, to nouns or adjectives, which, in composition, is changed into gá. Thus: so twara, quick, twaragá, quickly; Je tsaila, cold, etsallagá, coldly; sukhamu, hap

154. The English adverbs of time and place, such as now, then, here, there, &c., have inflexions, and are treated as nouns, receiving the addition of post-positions. Thus: ఇప్పుడు ippudu, now, ఇప్పటి ippathi, ఇప్పటికి ippatiki. appuḍu, then, appați, appaṭiki.

ninna, yesterday, ninnati, 550 ninnați

నిన్న

రేపు

répu,

nunchi, since yesterday.

to-day, 3 néți, o néți-nunchi,

from to-day.

to-morrow, 3 répați, c répaținunchi, from to-morrow.

155. Some words which in English would be regarded as adverbs are, in Telugu, post-positions, and, as such are placed after nouns to modify or to govern them. Many of them are capable of receiving inflexions like nouns, and of being modified by other post-positions being affixed to them. Thus: a mida, above, the inflexion is a midi, and 28§ mídiki is 'upwards; Box kinda, below, the inflexion is so kindi, and ŝ083 kindiki is downwards.'

156. Other English adverbs are contained in the structure of the Telugu verb; and, therefore, it is impossible to classify all the various kinds of adverbs with which English grammarians are familiar, in an Oriental language which is so entirely different in its construction. A few of the more common examples are given.

157. The past participle of verbs is sometimes used adverbially. Thus: 88 tirigi, again, is the past participle of ∞ tirugu, to turn. In the same way,

is the past participle of

mallu, to turn.

malli, again,

158. 'When' is rendered either by the subjunctive form, if,' or by the word e appuḍu, then, being

affixed to the indefinite verbal participle, the consonant eta being inserted. Thus: "when he comes" may be rendered either by ataḍu vasté, or by vě

ataḍu vechchéṭappuḍu. In the past tense," when he came," appuḍu would be affixed to the past participle, and the sentence would run-vachchinappuḍu.

159. In a similar manner, while' is rendered by adding gá to the infinitive. Thus: o ataḍu అతడు వ్రాస్తూ వుండగా vrástú-unḍagá, while he is writing.

(9.) CONJUNCTIONS.

160. Conjunctions are not used frequently in Telugu. The common English conjunction, 'and,' is not, as a rule, represented in Oriental languages; but the sense is carried on throughout a sentence where several actions are narrated, by the earlier verbs being placed in the participial form, and the sentence is concluded by the last verb being put in the proper mood, tense, and person agreeing with the nominative. Thus: I came and saw, would be rendered TJ LQ) www xnénu vachchi tsuchinánu, I, having come, వచ్చి

నేను

saw.

161. When nouns are joined together, the syllables 2, 22, or 22 ni, nni, or ninni are added to words ending in i, í, or ai, and ∞, ∞, or 2 nu, nnu, or nunnu, to words ending in other vowels. Thus: JD2 5932 vánikinni

vinikinni, to that man and to this; నేనున్ను నా స్నేహితుడున్ను nénunnu ná snehituḍunnu, my friend and I.

యు

162. yu is inserted before the final

nnu, in the case of nominatives ending in a or e. Thus : మీరున్ను ఆయ

నయున్ను
∞∞∞ mírunnu áyanayunnu, you and he.

163. These conjunctions are, however, often omitted, or the final vowel is lengthened. Thus: 5 ataḍú nénú, he and I.

164. The conjunctions either-or' are represented by the repetition of 5 káni, the negative relative participle of au, to become, the kú being softened in composi-· tion into గా gá. Thus : మీరుగాని అతడు గాని వెళ్లవచ్చును mirugámi ataḍugáni vella-vatstsunu, either you or he may go. ainá, the affirmative relative participle of the same verb with the final vowel lengthened, is used in the same way. Thus: o nédainá, répainá, either to-day or

to-morrow.

165. If a

అయినా

ainá is not repeated, it represents the an avas F

adverbs even' and 'at least.' Thus:

níļlu ainá ivvalédu, they did not give (him) water even. 166. Neither-nor' are rendered by the conjunctions. 1⁄2 or ♫, nni or nnu, with the negative verb. Thus : 2 52222 ∞ dinninni dúnninni ch yaka póyenu, he did neither one thing nor the other; Lit. he went without doing either this or that.

H

167. When 2 káni and ove aité are used with the negative verb in the final clause of a sentence, they represent the conjunction 'but.' Thus: St 2007 võ để nénu atanni pilichinánugáni ataḍu rálédu, I called him, but he did not come.

(10.) EMPHATIC AFFIXES.

168. There are certain emphatic affixes in Telugu, which are in daily use. They sometimes merely impart emphasis to a word or sentence, and sometimes represent the English adverbs 'even,' ' very,' &c. They are expressed by the addition to words of the vowels á, é, and ó.

As a general rule, á represents interrogation; é emphasis; and ó doubt. Thus: vachchináḍu, he came;

vachchinádá, did he come? vachchinúḍé, certainly he came; vachchináḍó, perhaps he

came.

(11.)

INTERJECTIONS.

169. The most common interjections are very short and simple words, as is the case in most languages. They express surprise or admiration, or are used to draw attention to any thing or person.

170. In calling a person or drawing his attention to anything, great care should be taken to use the appropriate particle, as the language requires as much discrimination on this point as in the judicious use of the pronouns.