21. It may be useful to remark here that expressions which in English are rude and vulgar, are commonly employed in Telugu instead of the personal pronoun, and are not considered impolite or offensive. Thus : నావొళ్లు కాకగా వున్నది ná wollu kikagá unnadi, I am hot, is literally, my body is hot; xxga ná gontu kammukonnadi, I am hoarse, or, my throat is hoarse.

o

22. As already stated in the chapter on Etymology, much care and tact are required in the use of the personal pronouns, when addressing people or when speaking of them; but a few additional remarks may not be out of place. The distinctions in etiquette are peculiarly minute, and demand much thoughtful discrimination. Consideration for the feelings of the people and knowledge of their character are necessary for the right understanding of these niceties, on which they lay great stress; and all who wish to become not only conversant with the language, but with the mode of thought and customs of the people, will take pains fully to understand those peculiarities of number and person and choice of pronoun, which tend to promote courteous and kindly conversation and address.

23. The singular number is generally used in addressing inferiors; but sometimes, as in the case of prayer or in referring to the Deity, or in speaking to very intimate acquaintances, relations, and friends, it is employed to denote reverence, love, and respect.

24. The plural should always be used in speaking of or addressing a person of high position or caste. Thus:

♫ kúliváḍu is a hired labourer, and

‰ tóṭavá

du, a gardener, both being of low station; but ∞∞ or ñ, váru or gáru, should invariably be used when speaking of a man in the higher positions of life.

25. gáru ought always to be placed after the proper names of persons of high caste or in good position, as, నెల్లూరి రామచెంద్రయ్య పంతులు గారు Nelliri Rimachendrayya Pantulu Gáru, where Nellúri is the family or surname, being generally the name of a village or a town, Rámachendrayya is the personal name, and Pantulu, the pandit, a title.

26. It is also inserted after certain nouns to indicate & ná tanḍrigáru, my father.

respect, as,

27.

áyana and

iyana, the most respectful

forms of the third personal pronoun, are followed by a

plural verb. Thus:

vachchináru, he came to me.

883 ♫ áyana nú daggiriki

ADJECTIVES.

28. An adjective generally precedes the noun which it modifies, as, 25 Dodo oka manchi panḍu, a good fruit.

29. Adjectives are frequently placed before the personal pronouns, the initial vowel in ea adi and

omitted for the sake of euphony, as,

a young man; chinnadi, a young woman.

avi being chinnaváḍu,

30. The force of an adjective is sometimes obtained by the combination of two nouns, the latter being influenced or modified by the former. Thus: &ox donga is a thief, and máta, a word. When combined, è donga

máța means a falsehood.

31. Besides the mode of forming the English comparative and superlative by using only 52 and 50, kanna and kanté, a periphrasis is often employed. Thus:

anniți kanté podugudi, this is the longest, literally, if you speak of all, this is long.

32. Another periphrasis is formed by using the word. చూస్తే tsüste, if you look. Thus : దాని చూస్తే యిది పొడుగు గా

8 dáni tsústé idi poḍugugá unnadi, this is longer than that, literally, if you look at that, this is long.

33. Another kind of periphrasis may be used, as, a ఈ పది avoc mers Ba Doa í padi inḍlaló yédi manchidi, which is the best of these ten houses? Literally, in these ten houses, which is good?

POSTPOSITIONS.

34. An infinite variety of combinations can be made with nouns by the proper use of postpositions. A few observations, therefore, on the more important are needful.

35. The postposition yokka is sometimes added to the inflexion of a noun to signify 'of;' but much more

frequently in books, and invariably in conversation, the inflexion only is employed. Thus: atani péru and atani yokka péru, both mean ‘his name;' but the former mode of expression is much more

common.

36. The postposition or 3, ku or ki, has several significations, such as, to, for, in, at, by, according to the context in which it is used; but it has always the meaning of motion towards something underlying them all. Thus : 2033 intiki veļļu, go home; Dėɔ5 Déɔ máṭaku máṭa, word for word; rátriki, at night.

37. As there is no verb to express possession in Telugu, the English verb, 'to have' is rendered by a periphrasis, the postposition & or 3, ku or ki, being used with the auxiliary verb o unḍu, to be, either expressed or understood. As, రాజుకు నలుగురు కొమారులు ఉన్నారు rázulu naluguru comärulu unnáru, the king has four sons, literally, four sons are to the king; DE Dow ser ataniki ninḍá rúkalu, he has much money, or, (there is) much money to him.

38. This postposition is used to express the distance between two places. Thus : విశాఖపట్నానికిన్ని చెన్న పట్నానికిన్ని ☎oð á Viṣúkhapaṭnánikinni Chennapaṭnánikinni yenta dúramu, what is the distance between Vizagapatam and Madras? Literally, how far (is it) to Vizagapatam and to Madras?

39. It is also used to express relationship to a person, and to form degrees of comparison. Thus: ã ã a 5535 ataḍu níku yémi kávalenu, what relation is he to you? Literally, what must he be to you?? and Koda dániki idi manchidi, this is better than that.

as,

40. This postposition is used with nouns to denote time, 33 kústa sépaṭiki, in a short time.

41. The postpositions chéta, and e valla, both mean 'by.' The former is really the original locative or instrumental case of Bows cheyy, the hand. It is joined to the inflexion of nouns, and its force will be best illustrated by the following sentences— 25 555 ♫ á pani níchéta auná, can you do that? Literally, will that work be by you? 5 á pani náchéta kádu, I cannot do it,

literally, that work cannot be by me.

42. The latter is identical with an old Dravidian noun 3 valla, which is often used as an adjective, and it has very much the same meaning as chéta. Thus: 8 25 idi atanivalla ainadi, this was (done) by him;

30358 atanivalla telisinadi, I learned it from him.

43. The postposition tó is the exact equivalent of the English 'with.' Thus : అతడు దాని కత్తితో కోసినాడు atadu dúni kattitó kósináḍu, he cut it with a knife.

44. The word kúḍa, commonly pronounced kúdú, the infinitive of the verb

kúḍu, to join, is fre