nary written character. This form is es. R should always be clearly pronounced, and never slurred over, as is frequently the case in English. Thus, in the above mentioned word šo karta, the r should be plainly enunciated, as it would be by a Scotchman. 17. The letter 3 na also has a second form, namely when it is intended to be final, and the speaker irregularly clips his words. Thus, in 3 vachchenu, he came, if the vachchen. u is dropped, the final n becomes 18. When the sign sunna or o is used, it is pronounced n before the letters up to na; but before the remaining consonants and at the end of words, it is pronounced m. Thus: in 30s vanka, crooked, it is pronounced n, but in 300 samṣayam, doubt, it is in both places pronounced m. 19. It may here be stated that, although every word in the language properly ends in a vowel, words ending in mu are almost invariably, though irregularly, pronounced in common conversation as if they ended in m. Thus hardly any one says gurramu, a horse, in full, but gurram, though the first pronunciation is correct, and the latter is not. The full grammatical expression, as is so frequently the case in English, sounds pedantic. 20. The letter ha, when it immediately precedes another consonant, is pronounced after it, the Telugu language not allowing so harsh a sound as would be produced by attempting to pronounce it before the succeeding consonant. The aspirate should be clearly enunciated. Thus: Brámhanuḍu, a Brahmin. 21. The sign is used as a silent aspirate, or as an h not succeeded by a vowel, and is pronounced as a soft breathing after the consonant that follows it. It is most frequently used in Sanskrit words. Thus: spo dukhhamu, sorrow. 22. For the sake of convenience the consonants have hitherto been represented in combination with the vowel a, not only to give life or breath to the consonants; but also because those consonants which need the affixing of a vowel mark would look awkward and ungainly without one. The medial forms of the other vowels, omitting the very uncommon ones, will now be described. Each consonant will be given in turn. 23. The medial form of e á is represented by a long stroke, written from left to right, with a small circle at the end, thus, — 24. The medial forms of i and í are a little semicircle in the former instance, and the long vowel is represented by a little flourish above the semicircle. It will be observed that, as in the case of the first vowel, these medial signs are not affixed to the letters to the consonants & pi& phi, 2 shi, ≈ si, and 2 hi, but are written close to the side of the consonant; and that & khi, & ji, టి ti, ణి ni, బి bi, and లి li, which do not take the sign a, have these and the other vowel marks attached to them. The long vowel in a mí and ∞ is represented by the long form of s á being attached to their right side, instead of by the flourish at the top. 25. U and i are represented by an open semicircle being placed on the right side of the consonant, the sign of the long á being affixed to the semicircle to lengthen the u. Thus : కు కూ గు గూ చు చూ జ జూ ku kú gu gú tsu tsú zú tu tú tú du dú డు డూ ణు ణూ తు తూ దు nu nú pu pi బు లు లూ వు వూ 26. It will be observed that, while, in some of these forms, the sign of the vowel a is displaced by the medial marks of u and ú, it is retained in most cases, and the other forms are used in addition to it. Thus, in šku, ∞ kú, ∞ gu, ∞ gú, and ∞ mu u̸ mú, the sign of a is retained, and the signs of u and ú are added at the side of the consonants. 27. Attention is also drawn to the fact that the signs of these vowels are joined to the letters pa, pha, and 3 va in a different manner than to the other consonants, being placed under these letters instead of at their side, in order to distinguish them from gha and ∞ ma. Thus : పువ్వు puvvu, a flower. P 28. The vowel e is represented in the medial form by , written from right to left, it being lengthened by a 29. The vowels o and ó are represented in their medial form by a curved line with a slight dip in the centre and a circle at the end, the long vowel being indicated by the circle being continued above and made into a flourish. 30. It should be remembered that, in writing this sign in connection with the letters po and so, the dent in the curved line must always be placed to the left of the consonant. 31. These vowels are also represented by the sign of the vowel e being used together with the sign of u or ú placed to the right of the consonant. This is always the case with the consonants I na, ma, ∞∞ ya, and 3 va; but these signs మ య are frequently used in manuscript with other letters also. This arises from the sounds e and u in combination becoming o. Thus: Bo Boo 300 30 యొ యో mo mó yo yó vo vó It will be observed that the signs in 3 mó and ☎ yo are written in a contracted form, e and á being substituted for e and ú. 32. The diphthongs ai and au are used in their medial forms as follows: |