Blast Furnace from Ure's 'Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines' 352 Calamites nodosus 393 Coalbeds rendered available by elevation, from Our Coal and Our Coal Pits' 397 Section of Coal-field south of Malmesbury from Ure's 'Dictionary of Arts, Į Manufactures, and Mines'. Š Coal-basin of Clackmannanshire 398 403 Dudley Coal-field from Howitt's Visits to Remarkable Places' 407 Shipping Coal Coal Hewers at Work Pitch Lake of Trinidad engraved by G. Pearson, to face page Insects and Vegetable Substances inclosed in Amber, engraved by G. Pearson Penrhyn Slate Quarry, North Wales. engraved by G. Pearson, to face page 469 429 452 The following is a list of the full-page illustrations, included in the foregoing list, all of which, except No. 2, are engraved by G. Pearson : : 2. Middle and Valley Lake Craters, Mount Gambier, 3. Eruption of Vesuvius, Bay of Naples 4. Great Earthquake at Lisbon to face title to face page 53 5. Stalactital Cavern at Aggtelek; the Cave of Borodla 7. Pitch Lake of Trinidad 8. Penrhyn Slate Quarry, North Wales CHAPTER I. GEOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS. The Eternal Strife between Water and Fire-Strata of Aqueous Origin-Tabular View of their Chronological Succession-Enormous Time required for their Formation-Igneous Action-Metamorphic Rocks-Upheaval and Depression— Fossils-Uninterrupted Succession of Organic Life. NEOLOGY teaches us that, from times of the remoteness of which the human mind can form no conception, the surface of the earth has been the scene of perpetual change, resulting from the action and counter-action of two mighty agents-water and subterranean heat. Ever since the first separation between the dry land and the sea took place, the breakers of a turbulent ocean, the tides and currents, the torrents and rivers, the expansive power of ice, which is able to split the hardest rock, and the grinding force of the glacier, have been constantly wearing away the coasts and the mountains, and transporting the spoils of continents and islands from a higher to a lower level. During our short historical period of three or four thousand years, the waters, in spite of their restless activity and the considerable local changes effected by their means, have indeed produced no marked alteration in the great outlines of the sea and land; but when we consider that their influence has extended over countless ages, we can no longer wonder at the enormous thickness of the stratified rocks of aqueous origin which, superposed one above the other in successive layers, constitute by far the greater part of the earth-rind. Our knowledge of these sedimentary formations is indeed as yet but incomplete, for large portions of the surface of the globe have never yet been scientifically explored; but a B careful examination and comparison of the various strata composing the rocky foundations of numerous countries, have already enabled the geologist to classify them into the following chronological systems or groups, arranged in an ascending series, or beginning with the oldest. 1. Laurentian, named from its discovery northward of the River St. Lawrence in Canada. 2. Cambrian 3. Silurian 4. Devonian These three groups owe their name to their occurrence in Wales and Devonshire, where they were first scientifically explored. 5. Carboniferous. In this group the most important coalfields are found. 6. Permian, from the Russian province of Permia. 7. Triassic. 8. Lias. 9. Oolite. 10. Cretaceous. 11. Tertiary subdivided into Eocene, Miocene, and Plio cene. 12. Recent marine and lacustrine strata. Each of these systems consists again of numerous sections and alternate layers, sometimes of marine, sometimes of freshwater formation, the mere naming of which would fill several pages. When we reflect that the Laurentian system alone has a thickness of 30,000 feet; that many of the numerous subdivisions of the Triassic or Oolitic group are 600, 800, or even several thousand feet thick, and that each of these enormous sedimentary formations owes its existence to the disintegration of pre-existing mountain masses--we can form at least a faint notion of the enormous time which the whole system required for its completion. Had the levelling power of water never met with an antagonistic force, there can be no doubt that the last remains of the dry land, supposing it could ever have risen above the ocean, must long since have been swept into the sea. But while water has been constantly tending to reduce the irregularities of the earth's surface to one dull level, the expansive force of subterranean heat has been no less unceasingly active in |