METHODS OF TEACHING.

that of the simple sentence, except that the clause takes the place of the phrase. Thus:

1. Subject; 2. Adjective Clause; 3. Predicate; 4. Adverbial Clause.

Point out the parts in the following sentences:

1. The swallows that live in the old barn migrate when winter

comes.

2. The boys whom we met said they were going home.

3. The man who lost his horse rewarded the boy that found it. 6. The subject of a complex sentence may be a clause. Thus: 1. [He] Who steals my purse steals trash.

2. [The time] When he will go is uncertain.

3. [The fact] That you have wronged me doth appear in this. Note.-Sentences like the preceding are really contracted complex sentences, as will be seen above where the subjects of the principal verbs are supplied in brackets. 7. The predicate may consist of a neuter verb and a noun-clause as the complement, or predicate nominative.

1. The truth is, he knew nothing about it.
2. His excuse was that he was poor.

3. It is uncertain when he will go.

8. Emphatic It.

The use of the pronoun it to introduce a sentence by standing for a clause after the predicate makes a statement emphatic, and changes a simple into a complex sentence.

Simple.

1. Columbus discovered America.

2. Cæsar conquered Britain.

EXERCISE.

Change the following complex into simple sentences without it:

1. It was in the age of Greece that the seeds of civil strife were

sown.

2. It was the Portuguese who took the lead in maritime discov

ery.

3. It is the brilliant figure of Spain that first attracts our attention at the beginning of modern history.

4. It was in midwinter that the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. 5. It was Cromwell who said, "Paint me as I am, with all my warts and wrinkles."

9. Conditional Clauses.

Clauses of condition or concession are generally placed before the principal statement in order to add force to the expression.

APPLICATION.

Copy the following sentences, and notice that the conditional clauses are marked off by a comma:

1. If he did that, he ought to be punished.

2. Though you have injured me, I will forgive you.

3. Where you go, I will go too.

4. When you are ready, we will start.

5. How you can talk so, I do not understand.

10. Forms of the Complex Sentence.

I. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.

Copy and punctuate the following, and state which are the clauses:

Condition. If you do wrong, you will suffer.
Concession. Though he is guilty, he will escape.
Purpose. He ran away, that he might go to sea.

Cause. He prospers because he is industrious.
Effect. You speak so loud that you disturb me.
Manner. You walk as if you were tired.
Comparison. The water is colder than ice [is].

State the use of each clause, whether as subject, object, or predicate nominative after a neuter or passive verb:

1. That the earth is globe-shaped has been proved.

2. My reason is, I am tired.

3. Is it true that the moon is made of

green cheese?

4. Where the Indians came from is not known.

5. How it was done is a mystery.

6. Who he was nobody knows.

7. "Why do you eat my grass ?" said the Wolf.

8. "What long arms you have!" said she to the Wolf.
9. He said that he would try.

10. "I'll try, sir," said the brave boy.

III. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.

Point out each adjective or relative clause, and tell what it limits:

1. Franklin, who invented lightning-rods, was an American. 2. The snow, which fell to a great depth, blocked up the railroads. 3. He is the oldest man that I ever knew.

4. The time when at which] we shall start is uncertain.

5. The reasons why [= for which] he went are unknown.

6. The place where [= in which] he lives is very beautiful. 7. The ship in which they sailed was lost at sea.

8. This is the boy whose lesson was perfect.

9. It is the most wonderful story that I ever heard of.

10. This is the cow that worried the dog that killed the cat, etc.

Write a sentence similar to each of the preceding sentences. Exchange and correct.

11. Contracted Complex Sentences.

The clause in the complex sentence is sometimes contracted by an ellipsis of the verb, the subject, or both verb and subject.

APPLICATION.

Orally, in the class, point out the ellipsis, and explain the punctuation of the conditional clauses:

1. That house, when [it is] finished, will be the finest in the city. 2. If you go, [it is] well; if [you do] not [go], I must go alone. 3. If [it is] required, the money will be furnished.

4. Though [it was] cold, the day was glorious.

5. While [we were] going to New York, we met an old friend. 6. No wind that blew was bitterer than he [was].

SECTION III.- -THE COMPOUND SENTENCE.

1. Oral Introduction.

Teachers will require each pupil, in turn, to compose an oral sentence which shall contain the co-ordinate conjunction and.

Model.-I shall go to-morrow, and you must go with me.

Teachers' Note.-Sentences containing and will, in general, be compound, or contracted compound, sentences. The few exceptions must be explained when given by pupils.

EXERCISE.

In a similar manner each pupil, in turn, will compose a compound sentence containing but; one containing or ; one with nor; one with either-or; one with neither

nor.

2. Exercise in Writing.

A compound sentence consists of two or more principal statements connected by a co-ordinate conjunction, either expressed or understood.

Leading Signs of a Compound Sentence.

Co-ordinate and; or; either-or; both—and.
Conjunctions. but; nor; neither-nor; and—then.

With each of the preceding signs write two compound

sentences.

3. Contracted Compound Sentences.

Study the changes made in the following sentences, and tell how they are made:

Full Compound.

1. I can read, and I can write. 2. You must go, or I must go. 3. Mary sings, and Jane sings too.

4. The water is deep, and it is cold.

5. You must not go, and he must not go.

6. They fought for their country, and they died for their country.

7. I care not when you go, nor do I care how you go.

Contracted Compound.

1. I can read and write.
2. You or I must go.
3. Both Mary and Jane sing.

4. The water is deep and cold.

5. Neither you nor he must go.

6. They fought and died for their country.

7. I care not when or how you go.

Word: noun or pronoun.

The Simple Subject. Phrase: verbal noun.

Clause: dependent statement.