Medieval Agriculture, the Southern French Countryside, and the Early Cistercians: A Study of Forty-three Monasteries

abbati abbey acquired acquisition activities acts addition agriculture allowed already animals areas Ariège Berdoues Bonnecombe Bonneval Boulbonne Cart cartulary charters churches Cistercian grange Cistercian houses Cîteaux clear clearance Coll concerning confirmation consolidation conversi conveyances conveyed costs cultivation dated described developed discussed documents earlier early economic established evidence example exemption existing farms Fontfroide forest foundation Gimont given Grandselve granges granted hands held History holdings ibid ideals improvements included incorporated increased indicate l'abbaye laborers land land acquisition Languedoc Latin less located lords mansi Medieval mentioned mills monastic monks Montpellier moved omnibus owners Paris parish pasture rights peasants possible practice probably production profits properties quod records recruitment references region religious rents River Rodez Rouergue rural settlement siècle Silvanès Similarly southern France Studies suggests tenants terram tithes Toulouse twelfth century Valmagne villa yields