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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
The site of Rome; its configuration and geological formation.-Glance at
the Italian peninsula; at the basin of the Mediterranean; at the empire
beyond it..... .Page 35
CHAPTER II.
Formation of the Roman people.-Mythology and tradition.―The Siculi, the
Ligures, the Pelasgians, the Aborigines, the Arcadians, the Etruscans, the
Sabines, and the Latins; comparison of their religious ideas and social
usages.--Traces of their respective characters in the Roman polity.-De-
scent of the great Roman families from these peoples respectively..... 40
CHAPTER III.
The earliest legends of Rome: Hercules and Cacus, Evander, Æneas, and
the Alban kings.-The alleged foundation of the city by Romulus.-The
first four kings of Rome.....
47
CHAPTER IV.
The three latter kings.....
53
CHAPTER V.
The constitution of the Roman Commonwealth on the expulsion of the
Kings, and its pretended foundation on the polity of Servius........... 59
CHAPTER VI.
The first consuls.-The first dictator.-The first secession of the plebs.-
Reconciliation effected by Menenius Agrippa.-The first tribunes of the
plebs.....
65
CHAPTER VII.
First struggle of the plebeians for a share of the public lands.-Their part
espoused by the consul Spurius Cassius.-The stories of the Fabii and the
battle at the Cremera, of Coriolanus, and of Cincinnatus.-Constant wars
between Rome and the neighboring tribes-the Æqui, the Volsci, and the
Veientes-and the losses she suffered.....
CHAPTER VIII.
. Page 69
Efforts of the plebeians to obtain equal laws with the patricians.-Com-
mission obtained with this view by Terentilius Harsa.-Dissensions in the
city. The Capitol siezed by Appius Herdonius.-The law of Icilius.-
Treachery of the patricians and murder of Dentatus. -Appointment of
the Decemvirs to prepare a national code.-The Twelve Tables.-Vio-
lence of Appius Claudius and the story of Virginia.-Character of the
Decemviral legislation.......
CHAPTER IX.
78
Continuation of the struggle between the patricians and plebeians.-The
law of Canuleius gives the right of intermarriage, B. c. 445.-The consuls
replaced by military tribunes, B.C. 420.-Crime and punishment of Sp.
Mælius, B.C. 439.-Victory at the Algidus over the Æqui and Volsci, B.C.
431.-The great war with Veii.-Military pay first given to the legion-
aries.-Veii captured, B. c. 396, v.c. 358..........
CHAPTER X.
83
The Gaulish invasion of Italy. - Battle of the Allia and burning of Rome.-
Victory of Camillus, U.c. 364, B.C. 390....
88
CHAPTER XI.
Continued quarrels of the two orders.-The cause of the plebcians espoused
by Manlius. His overthrow by the dictator Cossus.-The Licinian law
carried by the tribunes.-One of the consuls to be henceforth always a
plebeian.-Institution of the prætors and curule ædiles.-Death of Camil-
lus, B.C. 365, in a great pestilence.-Lectisternium and alleged devotion
of Mettus Curtius....
CHAPTER XII.
. 92
Continued progress of the plebeians towards equality with the patricians. -
Foreign wars; frequent creation of dictators; wars with the Gauls; ex-
ploits of Manlius Torquatus and Valerius Corvus.-Commencement of the
contest of Rome with Samnium.-War with the Latins, and their final
association with the Romans, but with generally inferior rights........ 98
CHAPTER XIII.
Alexander, King of Epirus, invades Italy.-The Romans unite with him
against the Samnites.-Continuation of the Samnite war.-Pontius makes
the Roman army pass under the yoke at Caudium.-The Romans retrieve
their disgrace, but suffer disaster at Lautulæ in an engagement with the
Campanians.-The Samnites again defeated; Campania reduced.-The
Page 104
Romans equip a naval armament. (B. c. 332–311.)...
CHAPTER XIV.
Continuation of war with the Samnites, the Etruscans, and the Gauls; bat-
tle of the Vadimonian lake.-Censorship of Appius Claudius Cæcus and
of A. Fabius.-The scribe Flavius publishes the forms of legal actions.—
The Ogulnian law.-Defeat of the Gauls in the battle of Sentinum.-The
Samnite Pontius Telesinus defeated, captured, and put to death.-Con-
clusion of the Samnite war.-Second battle of the Vadimonian lake and
defeat of the Gauls.-Progress of the Romans in the South of Italy. (B.C.
109
310-282.)...
CHAPTER XV.
The war with Pyrrhus.-Successes of the Romans. (B. c. 282-271.)... 116
CHAPTER XVI.
Number of the Roman citizens at this period.-The twenty-one original
tribes supplemented by twelve additional tribes.-Distinction between the
Civitas optimo jure, the Latin right, and the Italic.-Establishment of the
Roman colonies.-Construction of roads....
CHAPTER XVII.
120
Rome brought face to face with Carthage.—The Greek historian, Polybius,
and the early Roman annalists. -From this period the history of Rome
rests upon a generally secure basis.
CHAPTER XVIII.
127
Commencement of the First Punic War.-The Romans land in Sicily and ob-
tain great successes.-The Carthaginians retain command of the sea.-The
first fleet of the Romans; the sea-fight and victory of Duilius.-Regulus
leads an expedition into Africa.-Carthage is saved by the aid of the Spar-
tan Xanthippus.-Story of the death of Regulus not to be believed.-Great
efforts and alternate successes on both sides.-The Carthaginians sue for
...... 132
peace and relinquish their hold of Sicily. (B.c. 264–241.)...
CHAPTER XIX.
Interval between the First and Second Punic Wars.-The Romans occupy
themselves with the reduction of Sardinia and Corsica, with conquests in
Illyria, and interfere in the affairs of Greece.-They effect the conquest
of the Cisalpine Gauls.-The Carthaginians are engaged in a contest with
their revolted mercenaries.-The rivalry of Hamilcar and Hanno.-The
war party under Hamilcar obtain the predominance.-Progress of the
Carthaginians in Spain, and reduction of Saguntum by Hannibal.-Prog-
ress of internal corruption at Rome.-The Floralia and the shows of
gladiators. (B.c. 240–219.)...........
141
CHAPTER XX.
Hannibal crosses the Alps and invades Italy.-The battles of the Trebia, the
Ticinus, and the Lake Trasimenus.-Great defeat of the Romans at Can-
næ.-Hannibal withdraws into the south of Italy, and tries to raise the
Greeks and Campanians. (B.C. 218-216.).
CHAPTER XXI.
.Page 155
Continuation of the Second Punic War.-Operations of the Romans in Spain
and Sicily.-Reduction of Syracuse by Marcellus.-Dissipation of Hanni-
bal's army at Capua.-He makes himself master of Tarentum and shows
himself before Rome.-The Romans conquer at Capua and Tarentum, and
cruelly chastise them.—Hasdrubal reaches Italy, but is defeated and slain
at Metaurus.-P. Scipio carries the war into Africa.—Hannibal is recalled
and defeated at Zama.—Carthage submits to an ignominious peace. (B.C.
216-201.).... 166
CHAPTER XXII.
The good fortune of the Romans traced to the superiority of their character
and the merits of their policy.-Eagerness of the Italians to combat at
their side.-Rome confronted with Greece.-State of the Grecian world
after the breaking up of Alexander's empire.-Feebleness of Athens,
Thebes, and Sparta.-The Achæan League; the Etolians; the Mace-
donians...
CHAPTER XXIII.
178
The Romans commence the conquest of the East.-Flamininus encounters
the Macedonians.-The victory at Cynoscephalæ.-Philippus, king of
Macedon, sues for peace.-Flamininus declares the freedom of Greece.
(B. C. 200-195.)........
CHAPTER XXIV.
185
War with Antiochus, king of Syria.-He is defeated in the battle of Magne-
sia, and is required to withdraw from his acquisitions in Asia Minor.--
Formation of a kingdom of Asia in dependence upon Rome.-War with
the Celtiberians and Lusitanians in Spain.-Complete reduction of Cisal-
pine Gaul and Sardinia. (B.c. 191-178.).....
CHAPTER XXV.
191
Deaths of three great men at the same period: Hannibal, Scipio Africanus,
and Philopomen.-Rome appealed to as arbiter or patron by many East-
ern states and potentates.-War with Perseus (Third Macedonian War)
decided by the battle of Pydna.-Captivity and death of Perseus, and an-
nexation of his kingdom.-Farther aggressions of Rome in the East.-
The Achæan League dissolved by Metellus, and Corinth taken and sacked
by Mummius.-Greece becomes a Roman province.-Carthage denounced
by Cato.-The Third Punic War.-Capture and destruction of Carthage
by P. Scipio Emilianus. - Celebration of secular games in the 608th
year of the city. - Wars in Spain. - Resistance of Viriathus and the
Fall of Numantia.
Lusitanians. Catastrophe of Mancinus.
183-133.).
-
CHAPTER XXVI.
(B.C.
.Page 197
General account of the Roman Empire after the conquest of Greece and Car-
thage. Internal constitution of the city.-The Comitia of the curies, the
centuries, and the tribes.-Their aristocratic character.-Their respective
functions.-The Senate initiates legislative measures; the consuls convene
the centuries, and the tribunes convene the tribes, to sanction them.-The
nobles, the Senate, and the knights.-Appointment by the Senate to the
highest provincial commands.-Election to the magistracies of the city ob-
205
tained by profusion in shows and gratuities.-Struggle between the Senate
and the knights for the emoluments of office in the provinces.....
CHAPTER XXVII.
State of religion at this period and progress of disbelief in the national sys-
tem. The study of the Greek language and literature.-Early histories
of Rome written by the Grecian freedmen of the noble houses.-Ennius
an imitator of Homer.-Influence of the Grecian women.-Depravation
of morals.-Divorces.-Bacchanalian mysteries.-The Romans adopt the
forms and rhythms of Greek composition. Further change of manners in
the direction of Greek models.-First symptoms of a tendency towards
monarchy.-Resistance to foreign corruption by Cato the Censor,,... 212
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Tiberius Gracchus observes the growing depopulation of Italy, and conceives
the project of raising the condition of the Roman commonalty.-As trib-
une of the people he proposes a distribution of lands.-Resistance of the
Senate and nobles.-Tiberius slain in a riot. (B.c. 133.).....
CHAPTER XXIX.
217
Scipio Emilianus defends the interests of the nobles against the claims of
the commons.-The Italian states seek to force themselves into the priv-
ileges of the Roman aristocracy, and choose Scipio as their champion.-
His mysterious death.-The commons undertake the cause of the Ital-
ians.-Caius Gracchus, tribune of the people, advocates an agrarian law,
and other measures in the interest of the commons.-He founds colonies
at Capua, Tarentum, and Carthage.-The Senate arms the consul Opim-
224
ius with extraordinary powers, and he is overthrown and slain. (B.C.
130-121.).
CHAPTER XXX.
The agrarian laws become ineffective.-Appearance of the Cimbri and Teu-
tones in Gaul, and defeat of Papirius Carbo.-Disasters of the Romans in
attempting to defend the Transalpine Province.-Affairs of Numidia.—
War with Jugurtha: Metellus and Marius.-Marius becomes tribune and
consul. He reorganizes the Roman army, and overthrows Jugurtha.-
Numidia made a province. The Cyrenaica bequeathed to Rome.-