The committee has divided this guarantee subscription as follows: Each one of the large countries of Europe (to wit: Great Britain, France, Spain, Italy, Austro-Hungary, Germany, Scandinavia and Russia) agrees to take 100 copies. The six small countries (i. e., Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Switzerland, Portugal, Roumania) will divide among them the remaining 100 copies, etc." In the Fourth Session of the Congress held in London in 1888, the following note occurs in the report of the proceedings of the committee on the geological map of Europe (London Volume, p. 59). "The American committee requested of the Directory to be admitted as a subscriber to the map of Europe on the same terms as the great countries of Europe ('sic') i. e.. for at least one hundred copies and at the same price." Dr. Frazer, the Secretary of the American Committee, obtained the names of American subscribers to the "one hundred copies at the same price" (100 francs), within a short time of the granting of this request, and promptly notified the publication committee in Berlin, Messrs. Beyrich and Hauchecorne, of the fact. It appears, however, the map is being offered for sale in the German catalogues at the price mentioned in the Berlin resolution as that accorded to original subscribers. On this account the undersigned advises the survivors of those who so patriotically came forward in 1888 to enable the geologists of the United States to enjoy same privileges as those of the great countries of Europe, to send through their own agents for the geological map of Europe, since there would no longer be any advantage in obtaining them through a single channel. List of subscribers to the geological map of Europe in the order of their subscriptions, with number of copies : Williams College, 1; Ohio State Univ., Columbus, 1; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1; University of Virginia, 1; Am. Inst. of Mining Engineers, 1; Amherst College, 1 ; Cornell University Library, 1; Provincial Museum, Halifax, 1; Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., 1; Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., 1; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1; Univ. of California, Berkely, Cal., 1; Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, for Dartmouth College, 1; Prof. J. S. Newberry (dead), 1; Indiana University, 1; Smith College, Northampton, Mass., 1; U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C., 3; Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J., 1; Yale University Library, 1; American Geographical Society, 1; Peter Redpath Museum, McGill College, Montreal, 1; U. S. Military Academy, West Point, N. Y., 1; Prof. G. A. König, 1; N. Y. State Library, Capitol, Albany, 2; Eckley B. Coxe, Drifton, Pa. (dead), 2; University of Nebraska, 1; Kansas State Library, 1; B. S. Lyman, 1; Johns Hopkins University, 1; F. W. Matthieson, La Salle, Ill., 1; Lehigh Valley R. R. Co., Philadelphia, 1; E. V. d'Invilliers, Philadelphia, 1; University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., 1; Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, 2; State Mining Bureau of California, 1; Washington University, 1; Dr. R. W. Raymond, 1; Franklin Institute, Phila., 1; Harvard College Library, 1; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1; University of the City of New York, 1; Massachusetts Agric. College, Amherst, 1; W. S. Keyes, San Francisco, Cal., 1; R. D. Baker, Philadelphia, 2; S. F. Emmons, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C., 1; H. M. Sims, Shenandoah, Page Co., Va., 1; American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., I; Prof. Alexander Winchell, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor (dead), 1; H. Huber, Argentine, Kansas, 1; Jas. E. Mills, E. Quincy, Cal., 1; Cooper Union, N. Y., 1; Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, 1; Cornell University, N. Y., 1; Joseph D. Potts, Philadelphia (dead), 1; Prof. J. C. Fales, Danville, Ky., Centre College, 1 ; T. H. Aldrich, Blocton, Ala., 1; Chas. Paine, Pittsburg, 1; Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Col., 1; Western Reserve Univ. (d. E. W. Morley), Cleveland, Ohio, 1; F. Klepotoko, Houghton, Michigan, 1; Thos. Macfarlane, Ottawa, Canada, 1; Arkansas Geological Survey, Little Rock, 1; Buchtel College, Akron, Ohio, 1; Mercantile Library, Philadelphia, 1; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1; Alabama Geological Survey, University of Alabama, 1; E. S. Whelen, Philadelphia (dead), 1; Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1; Julius Bien, N. Y., 1; W. A. Ingham, 1; Dr. Jas. P. Kimball, 109 East 15th St., N. Y. City, 1; Dr. J. S. Newberry, N. Y., Dec. 29, '87, 1; New Harmony Institution, Ind., 1; R. Ellsworth Call, Des Moines, Iowa, 1; Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1; Hastings, Jno. B., Ketchum, Alturas Co., Idaho, 1; Geol. Surv. of Minn., Minneapolis, Minn., 1; Lacoe, R. D., Pittston, Luzerne Co., Penna., 1; Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 1; Mt. Holyoke Seminary, South Hadley, Mass., 1; Colby University, Waterville, Me., 1; Cincinnati Soc. of Nat. History, 1; Packer Collegiate Institution, Brooklyn, N. Y., 1; Emmens, Stephen H., Harrison, N, Y., 1; School of Mines, Rapid City, Dakota Territory, 1; Ohio University, Athens, O., Prof. A. D. Morrill, 1 ; Proctor, John R., Franklin, Ky., Aug. 19, '88, 1; Rose Polytechnic School, Terre Haute, Ind., Aug. 19, '88, 1; Read, Jas. P.. Calico, San Bernard Co., Aug. 31, '88, 1; Oberlin College, Ohio, Aug. 23, '88, 1; Frazer, Persifor, Philadelphia, 1; Streator Township High School, La Salle Co., Ill., R. Wil liam Brice, Sept. 21, '88, 1; State Univ., Athens, Ga., Prof. J. W. Spencer, Nov. 12, 1888, 1; Lowry, Thos., Minneapolis, Minn., Nov. 13, 1888 (N. H. Winchell), Nov. 13, 1.-Total, 100. Dr. Eugenio Dugès died in Morelia, Mex., Jany. 13th. 1895. He was born in Montpellier, France, but had resided in Mexico since 1865. He was a special student of Coleoptera, and had furnished students in the United States with many specimens. Dr. Adolf Gerstäcker, Professor of Zoology in the University of Griefswald, died June 20th, 1895. He was born Aug. 30th, 1828, and is widest known from his share in the Zoologie of Carus and Gerstäcker and his contributions to Bronns' Thierleben. Dr. Th. Ebert has been called as Professor of Paleontology to the Prussian Geological Institute, and Dr. Müller as Professor of Regional Geology in the same institute. Henry John Carter, well known for his researches on Protozoa, Sponges, etc., died at Rudleigh Salterton, England, May 4th, 1895. Dr. Wm. H. Flower, of the British Museum, has been elected corresponding member for anatomy of the Paris Academy of Sciences. Dr. W. I. Nickerson, of the University of Colorado, has been appointed Instructor in Biology in the University of Evanston, Ill. Prof. A. Sabatier, of Montpellier, has been elected corresponding member for Zoology of the Paris Academy of Sciences. Dr. F. Schütt, of Kiel, has been appointed Professor of Botany and Director of the Botanical Gardens at Griefswald. Dr. Joseph G. Norwood, the well-known geologist and paleontologist, died at Columbia, Mo., May 6th, 1895. Dr. E. Hering, of Prague, becomes Professor of Physiology at Leipzig, as successor to the late Prof. Ludwig. Dr. René duBois Raymond is assistant in the experimental division of the Physiological Institute in Berlin. Dr. W. A. Setchell, of Yale College, has been appointed Professor of Botany in the University of California. Dr. F. Sansoni, Professor of Mineralogy in Pavia, and editor of the Italian Journal of Mineralogy, is dead. Mr. Charles D. Aldright has been appointed Instructor in Biology at the University of Cincinnati. C. C. Babington, Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge, died July 22d, aged 86. James Mortimer Adye, an entomologist, died at Bournemouth, England, May 30th, 1895, aged 34. Dr. Jas. E. Humphrey has been appointed Lecturer in Botany in Johns Hopkins University. Dr. A. Kowalevsky has been elected a foreign associate of the Academy of Sciences of Paris. Prof. J. G. Agardh has given his magnificent collection of Algæ to the University of Lund. Pietro Doderlein, Professor of Zoology and Geology in Palermo, died March 28, aged 84. Dr. Pellegrino Strobel, geologist and Conchologist, died at Parma, Italy, June 9th, 1895. Dr. R. Hanitsch has gone as Director to the Raffles Museum and Library at Singapore. The Linnean Society of London has awarded a gold medal to Prof. F. Cohn, of Breslau. Dr. Gustav von Nordenskiold, ethnographer and crystallographer, of Stockholm, is dead. Dr. A. D. Mead has been appointed Instructor in Neurology in Brown University. Dr. Reinitzer, of Prag, has been called as Extraordinarius Professor of Botany to Graz. Dr. E. Schöbl succeeded Dr. Schiemenz as Librarian of the Naples Zoological Station. Prof. E. D. Cope has been elected associate member of the Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters of Belgium. Dr. R. Bonnet, of Giessen, goes as Professor Ordinarius of Anatomy to Griefswald. Dr. W. Roux, of Innspruck, has gone as Ordinary Professor of Anatomy to Halle. Dr. Hans Schinz is appointed Ordinary Professor of Botany in Zürich. Julien Deby, of London, microscopist and student of diatoms, is dead. Dr. F. C. Kenyon has gone to Clark University as Fellow in Biol ogy. Dr. H. Lenk, of Leipzig, has made Extraordinarius of Geology. THE AMERICAN NATURALIST VOL. XXX. March, 1896. 351 THE HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY, AND ITS AIM. BY J. C. HARTZELL, JR., M. S. From the earliest times the structure of the earth has been an object of interest to man, not merely on account of the useful materials he obtained from its rocky formation, but also for the curiosity awakened by strange objects it presented to his notice. The south and west of Asia, and much of the country bordering the Mediterranean, were particularly favorable for directing attention to geological phenomena. Earthquakes were of frequent occurrence, changing the relative positions of sea and land. Volcanoes were seen in eruption, adding layers of molten rock to those of sand and mud filled with the shells of the ocean. The strata in the hills abounded in evidences of similar collections of vegetable and marine life far removed from access of the sea. The structure of the earth, however, received but little attention previous to the 7th century, B. C. The extent of the surface known was limited, and the changes upon it were not so rapid as to excite special attention. The ancient Hebrews, in the time of Solomon (1015 B. C.), prosecuted their voyages |