directly representing the Latin sta "stand," has numerous nouns from that root, as station, étage, from statio, état from status. From these nouns fresh verbs are derived, as stationner and the like. So also the modern Indian languages, while they have lost such roots as dip, kram, as verbs, have nouns dipa, dâyâ and derivatives,. also krama as a noun with numerous secondary formations.

Analogous to this is the practice we are now discussing of forming verbs from Sanskrit participles, a practice which begins as early as Prakrit, and appears to have arisen from the habit mentioned in § 2 of forming a definite preterite by compounding the participle with अस्, as in गतोऽस्मि “I have gone." It was pointed out in § 7 that this practice had been extended in Prakrit so widely that it had resulted in giving a termination in fg to the present tense, as in fefte. Examples are:

Skr. √ विश् “ enter,” with उप, उपविश् “ take a seat” i.e. to pass from a standing to a sitting posture, p.p.p. ufag "seated," Pa. उपविट्ठो, Pr. उबविट्ठो, and later उवद्द्ट्ठो, whence, by rejection of उ, H. a☎, P. id., M., where the last consonant is due to a confusion between and . G. has बेश, which is from Skr. pres. उपविशति. Its p.p.p. is बेठो . s also विह by softening of स to ह, P. P. P. बेठो. With ¤, f¶¶, “enter," "penetrate,” P. ufagt, Pr. Qggt, whence H. ,"to enter" (generally with the idea of penetrating forcibly). G. again πy from fanfa, p.p.p. îzì, s. fug, p.p.p. 37.

Skr. √ पच् “ cook, " पचति, p. P.P. पक्व, Pa. Pr. पक्को, H. पक “ to be cooked," to be in process of cooking (if you ask, "Is dinner ready? your man answers, "It is being cooked "), P. ч, G. чa, M. fq. It also means "to ripen," "to be in course of growing ripe," B. पाक. There is also a stem from the present पचति, as S. पच् “ to grow ripe," p.p.p. q. H. and all the rest have, but in the sense of rotting, decaying.

Skr. √ शुष् “ dry,” p.p.p. शुष्क, Pa. Pr. सुक्खो, H. सूख “ to be dry,” V P. सुक्ख, S. G. M. सुक, B. O. शुक.

Skr. √ भञ्ज् “ break, ” p. p. p. भग्न, Pa. Pr. भग्गो, H. भाग “ to flee” (said originally of an army, “to be broken up and dispersed"), G. भाग, M. भांग, “ to yield, give way,” also भंग , “to break," 0. भांग Here again there are stems as if from the present form Bha भंजति, Pa. भंजति, Pr. भंजइ, H. भंज “ to be broken,” and भज. (See $ 19.)

66

Skr. √ गम् “go,” with उद्, P.p.p. उद्गत “ sprung up,” Pr. उग्गओ, H. उग, “to spring up” (as a plant), P. उग्ग, S. G. उग, M. उगव.

It is questionable whether we should here class some words which come from √भृ with उद्. The present would be उद्भरति, but though the p.p.p. in Sanskrit is उद्भुत, yet in such verbs Prakrit forms the p.p.p. on the model of the present tense, and has उब्भरित्रो as if from Skr. उद्भरित, so that the modern verbs उभर, उभल, and the like keep the type of the present tense as much as that of the participle.

उठ्

Another very common word is “ to rise,” but in this case Prakrit has already adopted this form for all parts of the verb, as has also Pali ; thus from √ उद् + स्था Skr makes उत्था “ to stand up."

SKE.

PA

PR.

S. 3. उत्तिष्ठति उट्ठहति, उट्ठाति उट्ठदि, उट्ठेदि, उद्

Present

Impv.

Future s. 3. उत्यास्यति उट्ठहिस्सदि

Gerund

उत्थाय उट्ठाय, उट्ठहित्वा | उट्ठिअ

Here, whatever be the form taken in Sanskrit, both Pali and Prakrit assume a stem, and conjugate it as if it were a Bhû verb throughout. It seems as though being com

pounded with T had lost its final consonant, thereby making a form 381, whence Prakrit . Sanskrit has adopted the opposite course, and while keeping intact, has sacrificed the of in the non-conjugational tenses, retaining it in the conjugational ones where it is prevented from coalescing with the preposition by the reduplicated syllable. In the moderns we have H. उठ, P. उट्ठ, S. उथ and उठ, and in all the rest उठ.

रह्

The stem has undergone a change of meaning which is explainable only by bringing it under this head.

Skr. "desert," fa, usually found in Prakrit only in the p.p.p., (=fga) in the sense of "deserted," then almost adverbially, as "without," hence probably the meaning which it bears in the modern languages, "to stop," "stay," "remain," from the idea of being deserted, left behind. It is in H. and all except M. TT, G. 7. It is ancillary in most of the languages as a "go on reading." (See § 72, 10).

§ 15. Single active stems exhibit the same method of formation as the single neuter stems given in § 12. A few examples are given of roots which in Sanskrit are of the Bhû, or the closely allied Div, Tud, and Chor classes.

Skr. √ खाद् “eat,” खादति, Pa. id., Pr. खाइ (Var. viii. 27, for खाअद्द्), H., and so in all. Gipsy khava, Kash. khyun, Singhalese kanavá.1 Skr. / चर्व " chew,” चर्वति, Pr. चब्बर, H. चाब, P. चब्ब, S. चब, G. M. चाव, 0. चोबा, B. चाब.

Skr. √ पठ् “ read,” पठति, Pa. id., Pr. पढ, H. पढ़ (parh), P. M. G. id., S. पडह (which is only their way of writing पढ), B. पड, 0. पढ़.

Skr. √ प्रछ् “ ask,” पृच्छति, Pa. पुच्छति, Pr. पुच्छर, H. पूछ, P. पुच्छ, G. B. id., M. पुस् (see Vol. I. p. 218), 0. पुछ, पचार.

Skr. √ मार्ग (and मृग्) “seek,” i. मार्गति, x. मार्गयति, Pa. मग्गति and मग्गेति, Pr. मग्गद्, H. मांग, P. मंग, S. मङ (mang ), G. M . माग, B. HIT, O. ATT.

1 Childers, in J.R.A.S. vol. viii. p. 146.

Skr. / रच् “keep,” रक्षति, Pa. रक्खति, Pr. रक्खद्द, H. रख “ keep,” also simply “ to put," पोथी को पीढे पर रखो “ put the book on the stool,” P., S. TE, G. M. B. JA, O. JE, Singh. rakinavá.

Skr. √ कथ् “ say,” कथयति P. कथेति, Pr. कहर, कहे, H. कह, P. S. B. O. id. In M. it is wanting. G., Singh. kiyanavá.

Those roots which belong to other conjugations are almost always reduced to the Bhû type, even if Prakrit retains any of the conjugational peculiarities the moderns do not. They take in most instances the root-form of the present as it occurs in Prakrit, and keep it throughout. Instances are:

Skr. keeps

"know," ix. fa, Pa. id., Pr. urfa, also MUT (Pr. throughout, but it and Pa. occasionally drop the initial, having आणादि, etc.), H. B. जान, the rest जाण. Gipsy janava, Kash.cdnun, Singh. dannavá.

Skr.

कुणद्द

"do," viii. fa, Pa. id. (see § 1 and § 4), Pr. U and and the stem is adopted in most tenses. The moderns universally reject all forms but, which they use throughout except in the p.p.p., which is the phonetic equivalent of Prakrit (see § 48).

Skr.

“hear," v. uifa, Pa. quifa, yulfa, Pr. YUE,

and in all सुन or सुण.

H. सुन,

Skr. √ आप “ get,” v. आप्नोति (but also i. आपति), Pa. आपुनोति, आपुनाति and अप्पोति, Pr. (see $ 5) आवद्द्, seldom used alone, Old H. “to obtain," also used in the sense of giving.

अप्य मत्ति सरसें सबल ॥

"Having obtained wisdom and the aid of Sarasen (Saraswati)." -Chand, Pr. R. i. xv.

Also G.

"to give," which is the ordinary word in that language, may be from this root or from (). Far more common is the compound with प्र= प्राप, Pa as above. Pr. पाउण्डू and later पावद्द्, Old H. and P. पाउ, H. पाव and पा, S. पा, O. id., G. पाम, M. पाव, B. पाओ. In all in the sense of finding, getting, obtaining.

Skr. √ ग्रह “ seize,” ix. गृह्णाति. The treatment of this root is peculiar.

Pa. for the most part takes a form गण्ह, and Pr. generally गेएह. Some of the principal tenses are given here.

There are thus two types in Pa. ganh and gah, and three in Pr. genh, gah, and ghe. The double t in ghettum and ghettüna arises, I fancy, from e being short in Pr., and is not an organic part of the word (Var. viii. 15).

In the modern languages H. has as an archaic and poetic word. P. also गह. But M. घे “ take, ” is very much used, as also S. गिन्ह, and O. घेन, the other languages prefer the stem ले from. Singh. gannavâ, perhaps Gipsy gelava, is connected with this root, though it means rather "to bring." (Paspati, p. 241.)

§ 16. Some Sanskrit roots ending in vowels have undergone curious and interesting changes in the modern languages. Such is Skr. √दा " give," iii. ददाति. This is one of the primitive Indo-European race-words, and being such we probably have not got it in its original form in Sanskrit. With the idea of giving is intimately connected that of dividing, or apportioning, and we find in Sanskrit several roots with this meaning, all of which seem to point back to some earlier